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Resources/Materials & grades/A588 / S355J2W

Materials & grades

ASTM A588 / S355J2W / JIS SMA490 weathering structural steel (Cor-Ten type)

ASTM A588 is a high-strength low-alloy structural steel with a 50 ksi (345 MPa) minimum yield and added copper and chromium that let it build a protective rust layer in open air. EN S355J2W, JIS SMA490 and IS 11587 WR-Fe 480 are its European, Japanese and Indian counterparts, and the trade name Cor-Ten is often used for all of them.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignationNormMatch
USAASTMA588 Grade A / Grade BMinimum yield 50 ksi (345 MPa) to 100 mm. Grades A and B differ in chemistry; both give a corrosion resistance index of 6.0 or more to ASTM G101.ASTM A588/A588MSame material
ASTMA242Older weathering specification of similar strength. A588 is the usual choice for new structures.ASTM A242/A242MClosest equivalent
Trade nameCOR-TEN A / COR-TEN BCOR-TEN is a trade name of U.S. Steel, now often used loosely for any weathering steel. By long usage A refers to the A242 type and B to the A588 type, but practice varies, so order by specification.—Closest equivalent
UKBS EN 10025-5S355J0W / S355J2W / S355K2WThe UK uses the European standard. J0W, J2W and K2W set impact testing at 0 °C, −20 °C and −20 °C (40 J).BS EN 10025-5Closest equivalent
BS 4360 (legacy)WR50A / WR50B / WR50CWithdrawn weather-resistant grades of the 50 strength class, replaced by EN 10025-5.BS 4360Closest equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 nameS355J2WEN 10025-5Closest equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.8965Material number of S355J2W.EN 10025-5Closest equivalent
EN 10027-1 nameS355J0W / S355K2WSame chemistry family as S355J2W with 0 °C impact (J0W) or 40 J at −20 °C (K2W).EN 10025-5Closest equivalent
EN 10027-1 nameS355J0WP / S355J2WP (1.8945 / 1.8946)Phosphorus-bearing variants, intended for thin products. Higher phosphorus raises atmospheric resistance but reduces weldability, so these grades are used for thin, mostly unwelded products.EN 10025-5Closest equivalent
IndienIS 11587WR-Fe 480A / WR-Fe 480BIndian structural weather-resistant steels, minimum tensile 480 MPa. WR-Fe 500 is also in the standard. A revision with a new yield-based naming system has been drafted.IS 11587:1986Closest equivalent
JapanJIS G 3114SMA490AW / BW / CWW grades are used bare or with a rust-stabilizing treatment. Minimum yield 365 MPa up to 16 mm, tensile 490–610 MPa.JIS G 3114Closest equivalent
JIS G 3114SMA490AP / BP / CPP grades have lower alloy content and are normally painted.JIS G 3114Closest equivalent

On equivalence

  • All counterparts are closest matches. A588 Grade A and B differ in chemistry, and neither is chemically identical to S355J2W, SMA490BW or WR-Fe 480.
  • Strength: A588 is 345 MPa minimum yield; S355J2W is 355 MPa up to 16 mm; SMA490BW is 365 MPa up to 16 mm; IS 11587 WR-Fe 480A and 480B are 345 MPa up to 12 mm.
  • COR-TEN is a trade name of U.S. Steel. Sources that equate Cor-Ten with S355J2W, S355J0WP or A588 disagree about which grade it matches; use the specification (A588, EN 10025-5 and so on) in orders and drawings.
  • Sources disagree on A588 phosphorus and sulphur: AA Steel and Portland Bolt show ≤0.04 % and ≤0.05 %, while other references give ≤0.030 % each for recent editions. The table above uses ≤0.030 %; check the edition on your order.
  • IS 11587:1986 values come from the public copy of the standard; a revision with a new naming system is in draft, so current grade names and limits may differ.
  • S355J0WP and S355J2WP are phosphorus-bearing variants for thin products. They are not interchangeable with S355J2W in welded structures.
  • A588 phosphorus and sulphur are shown at ≤0.030 % for plate; some supplier tables quote the older ≤0.04 % P and ≤0.05 % S, which recent ASTM structural specifications keep only for shapes and bars.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

ElementA588 Grade AUSA · ASTM A588/A588MA588 Grade BUSA · ASTM A588/A588MS355J0W / S355J2W / S355K2WEU · EN 10025-5:2019S355J0WP / S355J2WPEU · EN 10025-5WR-Fe 480AIndien · IS 11587:1986WR-Fe 480BIndien · IS 11587:1986SMA490AW / BW / CWJapan · JIS G 3114:2022SMA490AP / BP / CPJapan · JIS G 3114:2022
C≤0.19≤0.20≤0.16≤0.12≤0.120.10–0.19≤0.18≤0.18
Si0.30–0.650.15–0.50≤0.50≤0.750.25–0.750.15–0.500.15–0.65≤0.55
Mn0.80–1.250.75–1.350.50–1.50≤1.00≤0.600.90–1.25≤1.40≤1.40
P≤0.030≤0.030≤0.035 (J2W, K2W); ≤0.040 (J0W)0.06–0.150.070–0.150≤0.040≤0.035≤0.035
S≤0.030≤0.030≤0.035 (J2W, K2W); ≤0.040 (J0W)≤0.035 (J0WP); ≤0.030 (J2WP)≤0.050≤0.050≤0.035≤0.035
Cr0.40–0.650.40–0.700.40–0.800.30–1.250.30–1.250.40–0.700.45–0.750.30–0.55
Ni≤0.40≤0.50≤0.65 (permitted)—≤0.65—0.05–0.30—
Mo——≤0.30 (permitted)—————
V0.02–0.100.01–0.10———0.02–0.10——
Cu0.25–0.400.20–0.400.25–0.55—0.25–0.550.25–0.400.30–0.500.20–0.35
N——≤0.012 unless nitrogen-binding elements are present≤0.009 (J0WP)————
Zr——≤0.15 (permitted)—————

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
As rolled (ASTM A588 Grades A and B)Specified, up to 100 mm (4 in); elongation 21 % in 50 mm (2 in), 18 % in 200 mm (8 in)ASTM A588/A588M as tabulated by AA Steel≥485 MPa≥70 ksi≥345 MPa≥50 ksi21 %—
As rolled (ASTM A588 Grades A and B)Specified, over 100 to 125 mm (4–5 in); elongation 21 % in 50 mm (2 in)ASTM A588/A588M as tabulated by AA Steel≥460 MPa≥67 ksi≥315 MPa≥46 ksi21 %—
As rolled (ASTM A588 Grades A and B)Specified, over 125 to 200 mm (5–8 in); elongation 21 % in 50 mm (2 in)ASTM A588/A588M as tabulated by AA Steel≥435 MPa≥63 ksi≥290 MPa≥42 ksi21 %—
As rolled (S355J2W)Specified, thickness 3–16 mm; elongation 22 % (3–40 mm); Charpy J0W: 27 J at 0 °C, J2W: 27 J at −20 °C, K2W: 40 J at −20 °CEN 10025-5:2019 as published by Stahlwerk Thüringen470–630 MPa68–91 ksi≥355 MPa≥51.5 ksi22 %—
As rolled (S355J2W)Specified, over 16 to 40 mmEN 10025-5:2019 as published by Stahlwerk Thüringen470–630 MPa68–91 ksi≥345 MPa≥50 ksi——
As rolled (IS 11587 WR-Fe 480A and 480B)Specified, up to 12 mm; elongation 21 % on 5.65√S0 gauge lengthIS 11587:1986, Table 2≥480 MPa≥69.6 ksi≥345 MPa≥50 ksi21 %—
As rolled (IS 11587 WR-Fe 480A)Specified, over 12 to 40 mmIS 11587:1986, Table 2≥480 MPa≥69.6 ksi≥325 MPa≥47.1 ksi21 %—
As rolled (JIS SMA490BW)Specified, up to 16 mm; elongation 15 % (5–16 mm, No. 1A test piece); Charpy B: 27 J at 0 °C, C: 47 J at 0 °C above 12 mmJIS G 3114:2022 as reproduced by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government490–610 MPa71–88 ksi≥365 MPa≥52.9 ksi15 %—
As rolled (JIS SMA490BW)Specified, over 16 to 40 mm; elongation 19 %JIS G 3114:2022 as reproduced by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government490–610 MPa71–88 ksi≥355 MPa≥51.5 ksi19 %—
As rolled (JIS SMA490BW)Specified, over 40 to 75 mm (325 MPa at 75–100 mm); elongation 19 % at 40–50 mm, 21 % above 50 mmJIS G 3114:2022 as reproduced by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government490–610 MPa71–88 ksi≥335 MPa≥48.6 ksi——

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • Copper, chromium and nickel in the steel promote a tight, adherent rust layer (patina) that slows further corrosion in open air. IS 11587 states the atmospheric resistance is about four times that of plain structural steel.
  • The patina forms only where the surface wets and dries in cycles. Constant wetness, buried contact, chloride exposure (marine or de-icing salt spray) and sheltered damp areas defeat it, so the steel is not suitable everywhere unpainted.
  • Weldable; use filler metal of matching weathering composition where the weld stays unpainted. A588 Grade A and B carbon is ≤0.19–0.20 %.
  • Early rust run-off stains concrete and nearby surfaces until the patina stabilizes; plan drainage details.
  • W grades (JIS) are used bare or with a rust-stabilizing treatment; P grades (JIS) are normally painted.

Heat treatment

  • Normally supplied as rolled. Normalized, tempered or thermomechanically controlled-rolled variants are available by agreement (for example JIS suffixes N, T and TMC).
  • Welding procedures follow those for HSLA structural steel; preheat depends on thickness, restraint and hydrogen level.
  • Weathering steel is not intended to be hardened by heat treatment.

Typische Anwendungen

  • Bridges and bridge girders left unpainted
  • Building facades, cladding and architectural features
  • Rail wagons, shipping containers and hopper cars
  • Transmission towers, poles and signage
  • Sculpture, retaining walls and landscape work

Structural and plate steels

Similar grades compared

GüteklasseC %Mn %Cr %Ni %Tensile, first listed condition
A588 / S355J2W≤0.190.80–1.250.40–0.65≤0.40≥485 MPa
A36 / S275JR / E250≤0.250.80–1.20——400–550 MPa
S235JR≤0.24≤0.90——360–510 MPa
S355J2≤0.23≤1.35——470–630 MPa
A572 Grade 50≤0.23≤1.35——≥450 MPa
A992≤0.230.50–1.60≤0.35≤0.45≥450 MPa
S420 / E410≤0.26≤1.35≤0.30≤0.80520–680 MPa
S460 / A572 Gr 65≤0.23≤1.65≤0.30≤0.80540–720 MPa
A514 / S690QL0.12–0.210.70–1.000.40–0.650.70–1.00760–895 MPa
A516 Gr 70 / P355GH≤0.27 (to 12.5 mm); ≤0.28 (12.5–50 mm); ≤0.30 (50–100 mm); ≤0.31 (100–200 mm)0.85–1.20≤0.30≤0.30485–620 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

Fragen und Antworten

Common questions

What is the equivalent of ASTM A588 in EN?

S355J2W (1.8965) to EN 10025-5 is the closest. It has a 355 MPa minimum yield against 345 MPa for A588, a 470–630 MPa tensile range and a Charpy test at −20 °C. The chemistry is similar in kind but not identical.

Is Cor-Ten the same as A588?

Cor-Ten is a U.S. Steel trade name. A588 is the ASTM specification closest to what is sold as Cor-Ten B today, and A242 corresponds to the original Cor-Ten A, but trade-name use varies. Order by specification, not by trade name.

What is the Indian equivalent of A588?

IS 11587 WR-Fe 480A or 480B are the closest, with a 345 MPa minimum yield up to 12 mm and 480 MPa minimum tensile. The grade names and limits are being revised, so confirm the current edition.

Does weathering steel need painting?

Not in suitable open-air conditions, where wet and dry cycles let a stable rust layer form. It must be painted or protected in constant wetness, marine or salt-spray exposure, and in sheltered damp locations.

What is the difference between SMA490 W and P grades?

W grades have more copper, chromium and nickel and are used bare or with a rust-stabilizing treatment. P grades have lower alloy content and are normally painted. The A, B and C suffix sets impact testing: none for A, 27 J at 0 °C for B, 47 J at 0 °C for C.

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Structural steel gradesStructural steel grades in the USA, UK, EU, India and Japan line up by minimum yield strength: about 250 MPa (A36, S235/S275, E250, SS400), about 350 MPa (A572 Grade 50 / A992, S355, E350, SM490) and about 410–450 MPa (A572 Grade 60/65, S450, E410/E450, SM570).A572 Grade 50ASTM A572 Grade 50 is a high-strength low-alloy structural steel with a minimum yield of 345 MPa (50 ksi) and a minimum tensile strength of 450 MPa (65 ksi).S355J2S355J2 is a common higher-strength structural steel of EN 10025-2, with a minimum yield of 355 MPa (51 ksi) up to 16 mm and a tensile strength of 470–630 MPa.A36 / S275JR / E250ASTM A36, EN S275JR, IS 2062 E250 and JIS SS400 are the general-purpose hot-rolled structural steels of the USA, Europe, India and Japan, with a minimum yield of roughly 245–275 MPa (36–40 ksi).JIS steel designationsJapanese JIS steel symbols start with S for steel and add letters for the steel family or its use, but the number means different things in different standards.EN 10027 names and numbersEuropean steels carry two identifiers under EN 10027: a steel name (Part 1) such as S235JR, C45 or 42CrMo4 that describes the steel's use or chemistry, and a material number (Part 2) such as 1.0503 or 1.7225.

References

Sources

  1. AA Steel: ASTM A588 chemical and tensile requirements — Grade A and B composition and mechanical requirements by thickness.
  2. SSAB: ASTM A588 weathering steel — Scope and G101 corrosion resistance index requirement.
  3. Stahlwerk Thüringen: weather-resistant structural steels (EN 10025-5:2019) — S355J0W, J2W, K2W composition, yield, tensile, elongation and impact.
  4. Arvedi: structural steels resistant to atmospheric corrosion as per EN 10025-5 — S355J0WP and S355J2WP composition and material numbers.
  5. IS 11587 (1986): Structural weather resistant steels (public copy) — WR-Fe 480A, 480B and 500: grades, composition, mechanical properties.
  6. Tokyo Metropolitan Government: construction materials specification, JIS G 3114 — SMA490 composition, yield and tensile by thickness, elongation and impact from JIS G 3114:2022.
  7. Wikipedia: Weathering steel — COR-TEN as a U.S. Steel trade name; A242 and A588 background.
  8. ArcelorMittal Constructalia: S355J0W, J2W, K2W (EN 10025-5) — Independent check of EN 10025-5 composition (differs on P and S) and yield by thickness.
  9. Nippon Steel Slovakia: steel for atmospheric corrosion resistance (S355J0WP, S355J2WP) — WP grade composition and thin-gauge range.
  10. SSAB: ASTM A588 Grade B — A588 yield, tensile and elongation by thickness.

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.