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Corona SteelGegründet 1955
Resources/Materials & grades/310 / 310S

Materials & grades

310 / 310S stainless steel: equivalents 1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21), SUS310S and 310S16

310 is an austenitic stainless steel with 24–26 % chromium and 19–22 % nickel, built for furnace and process equipment at temperatures where 304 and 309 scale. 310S, with carbon ≤0.08 %, is the common form, and its counterparts are 1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21) in Europe and SUS310S in Japan.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignationNormMatch
USAAISI/ASTM310SLow-carbon version (C ≤0.08 %) and the form most often supplied.ASTM A240 (plate, sheet, strip); A276 (bar); A312 (pipe); A479 (bar and shapes)Same material
AISI/ASTM310Parent grade with up to 0.25 % carbon.ASTM A167; A240Same material
UNSS31008UNS number of 310S.—Same material
UNSS31000UNS number of 310.—Same material
UNSS31009310H: carbon held to 0.04–0.10 % for better hot strength. Often dual-certified with 310S.—Closest equivalent
UKBS (withdrawn)310S16Listed against 310S (S31008) by Atlas and Outokumpu only; Total Materia cites BS 1501-3 for it, with carbon ≤0.08 %. It does not appear in the BS 1449-2 table that was read.—Closest equivalent
BS (withdrawn)310S24Higher-carbon BS 310 grade (≤0.15 % C per Total Materia). Atlas pairs it with 310H.BS 1449-2:1983Closest equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 nameX8CrNi25-21Carbon ≤0.10 % against ≤0.08 % for 310S; sulphur ≤0.015 % against ≤0.030 %.EN 10095Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.4845Material number of X8CrNi25-21.EN 10095Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.4841X15CrNiSi25-21. Silicon-alloyed (1.5–2.5 % Si) version, sold as 310Si and AISI 314. Not the same analysis.EN 10095Closest equivalent
IndienIS 1570 (Part 5)X04Cr25Ni20Carbon ≤0.08 %, silicon ≤1.5 %, chromium 24.0–26.0 %, nickel 19.0–22.0 %: the 310S analysis.IS 1570 (Part 5):1985Equivalent
IS 1570 (Part 5)X20Cr25Ni20Higher-carbon Indian grade (C ≤0.25 %), matching 310 rather than 310S.IS 1570 (Part 5):1985Closest equivalent
JapanJIS G 4303 / G 4304 / G 4305SUS310SCarbon ≤0.08 %, silicon ≤1.50 %, chromium 24.00–26.00 %, nickel 19.00–22.00 %.JIS G 4303 (bar); JIS G 4304 / G 4305 (plate, sheet)Equivalent
JIS (heat-resisting)SUH310Heat-resisting designation that Atlas lists against 310H.—Closest equivalent

On equivalence

  • 1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21) is the European counterpart of 310S. Atlas, Aperam and Rolled Alloys pair them. EN 10095 allows 0.10 % carbon against 0.08 % in ASTM A240, and caps sulphur at 0.015 % against 0.030 %.
  • 310 (S31000, up to 0.25 % C), 310S (S31008, ≤0.08 % C) and 310H (S31009, 0.04–0.10 % C) differ only in carbon and silicon. Plate is often dual-certified 310S and 310H; check the certificate if the carbon floor matters for creep service.
  • Atlas notes that no international specification matches ASTM 310 exactly, and that heat-resisting grades agree poorly between specification systems.
  • 1.4841 (X15CrNiSi25-21, 310Si) adds 1.5–2.5 % silicon for scaling resistance at higher temperature. It is not a drop-in equivalent of 310S.
  • British names are withdrawn. 310S16 is listed against 310S by Atlas and Outokumpu, but neither 310S16 nor 309S16 appears in the BS 1449-2 table that was read, so it is shown as closest. 310S24 has a higher carbon limit and maps to 310 or 310H.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

Element310S (S31008)USA · ASTM A240310 (S31000)USA · ASTM A240 / A167310H (S31009)USA · ASTM A240X8CrNi25-21 (1.4845)EU · EN 10095 (heat analysis)X04Cr25Ni20Indien · IS 1570 (Part 5):1985SUS310SJapan · JIS G 4303 (bar)
C≤0.08≤0.250.04–0.10≤0.10≤0.08≤0.08
Si≤1.50≤1.50≤0.75≤1.5≤1.5≤1.50
Mn≤2.00≤2.00≤2.00≤2.0≤2.0≤2.00
P≤0.045≤0.045≤0.045≤0.045≤0.045≤0.045
S≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030≤0.015≤0.030≤0.030
Cr24.0–26.024.0–26.024.0–26.024.0–26.024.0–26.024.00–26.00
Ni19.0–22.019.0–22.019.0–22.019.0–22.019.0–22.019.00–22.00
N———≤0.11——

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
Annealed (310S)Specified minimums, plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240); hardness is a maximumASTM A240, via Atlas Steels 310 data sheet≥515 MPa≥75 ksi≥205 MPa≥30 ksi≥40 %≤217 HB (≤95 HRB)
Solution treated (SUS310S)Specified, bar; hardness is a maximumJIS G 4303, via Nose Stainless reference sheet≥520 MPa≥75 ksi≥205 MPa≥30 ksi≥40 %≤187 HBW
Annealed (1.4845)Specified, room temperature (EN 10095 table); hardness is a maximum given for guidanceEN 10095 table as reproduced by the British Stainless Steel Association; Outokumpu lists the same Rp0.2, Rm minimum and elongation500–700 MPa73–102 ksi≥210 MPa≥30 ksi≥35 %≤192 HB
Annealed bars (X04Cr25Ni20)Specified minimumsIS 1570 (Part 5):1985, Table 3≥517 MPa≥75 ksi≥207 MPa≥30 ksi≥40 %—
Cold rolled and annealed sheet (310S)Typical, not a minimumAperam 310S datasheet610 MPa88 ksi290 MPa42 ksi42 %—
Annealed, typical at 20 °C (68 °F)Typical, not a minimumRolled Alloys 310 data sheet552 MPa80 ksi241 MPa35 ksi52 %—
Annealed, typical at 650 °C (1200 °F)Typical, not a minimumRolled Alloys 310 data sheet373 MPa54 ksi143 MPa21 ksi43 %—

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • Aperam gives 1050 °C (1920 °F) for continuous service and 1100 °C (2010 °F) peak for 310S in an atmosphere with up to 2 g/m³ of sulphur; with more sulphur the limit falls to 950 °C (1740 °F).
  • Rolled Alloys quotes oxidation resistance through 1090 °C (2000 °F) under mildly cyclic conditions. Atlas gives 1040 °C intermittent and 1150 °C continuous for 310H. Sources differ, so treat these as scaling limits and confirm for the atmosphere.
  • Good resistance to oxidising and moderately carburizing atmospheres. Rolled Alloys does not suggest it for the severe carburizing of heat-treatment furnaces, or for repeated liquid quenching.
  • Prone to sigma-phase embrittlement between about 650 and 900 °C. Atlas recommends re-annealing to restore ductility after each 1000 hours of service above 650 °C.
  • Continuous use at 425–860 °C is not recommended if aqueous corrosion resistance is needed afterwards, because of carbide precipitation (Atlas).
  • Aqueous corrosion resistance is moderate: Atlas gives a PRE of about 25 and sea-water resistance similar to 316. More resistant to stress corrosion cracking than 304 or 316.
  • Toughness stays high to cryogenic temperatures (Atlas, Rolled Alloys), although other grades are normally chosen for sub-zero work.
  • Weldable by all standard methods; Atlas recommends 310S electrodes for fusion welding. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment.

Heat treatment

  • Solution annealing: Atlas gives 1040–1150 °C (1905–2100 °F) with rapid cooling; JIS gives 1030–1180 °C (1885–2155 °F).
  • Anneal again to dissolve sigma phase after each 1000 hours above 650 °C (1200 °F), where ductility must be restored (Atlas).
  • No hardening treatment exists; strength comes from composition and cold work only.

Typische Anwendungen

  • Furnace parts, radiant tubes, muffles and retorts
  • Burners, combustion chambers and flare tips
  • Heat-treatment baskets, jigs and carburizing boxes
  • Heat exchangers and tube hangers in refining and boilers
  • Welding filler wire and electrodes
  • Cryogenic structures and food-processing equipment

Stainless steels

Similar grades compared

GüteklasseC %Mn %Cr %Ni %Tensile, first listed condition
310 / 310S≤0.08≤2.0024.0–26.019.0–22.0≥515 MPa
201 / 1.4372≤0.155.50–7.5016.0–18.03.5–5.5≥515 MPa
301 / 1.4310≤0.15≤2.0016.0–18.06.0–8.0≥515 MPa
303 / 1.4305≤0.15≤2.017.0–19.08.0–10.0650 MPa
304 / 1.4301≤0.08≤2.0018.0–20.08.0–10.5≥515 MPa
304L / 1.4307≤0.030≤2.0018.0–20.08.0–12.0≥485 MPa
309 / 309S≤0.08≤2.0022.0–24.012.0–15.0≥515 MPa
316 / 1.4401≤0.08≤2.0016.0–18.010.0–14.0≥515 MPa
316L≤0.030≤2.0016.0–18.010.0–14.0≥485 MPa
321≤0.08≤2.0017.0–19.09.0–12.0≥515 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

Fragen und Antworten

Common questions

What is the equivalent of 310S stainless steel?

1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21) in Europe under EN 10095, SUS310S in Japan, X04Cr25Ni20 in India under IS 1570 Part 5, and 310S16 in old British standards. Carbon and sulphur limits differ slightly between standards.

What is the difference between 310 and 310S?

Carbon. 310 (S31000) allows up to 0.25 % carbon; 310S (S31008) is capped at 0.08 %. The 24–26 % chromium and 19–22 % nickel ranges are the same. 310S is the common plate and sheet grade; 310H (0.04–0.10 % C) is chosen when hot strength matters most.

What is the maximum temperature for 310 stainless steel?

Aperam gives 1050 °C (1920 °F) continuous and 1100 °C peak for 310S in a low-sulphur atmosphere. Rolled Alloys quotes about 1090 °C (2000 °F) under mildly cyclic conditions. Atlas quotes 1150 °C continuous for 310H. These are oxidation limits; load-bearing capacity is much lower at those temperatures.

Is 310 better than 304 or 316 for heat resistance?

Yes. Atlas places 304H at about 800 °C and 321 at about 900 °C, and 310 above them. 310 trades corrosion resistance in water for heat resistance; its sea-water resistance is about that of 316.

Why does 310 become brittle after long heating?

Between about 650 and 900 °C it forms sigma phase, a brittle chromium-rich compound. Atlas recommends solution annealing at 1040–1150 °C and rapid cooling to restore ductility after each 1000 hours above 650 °C.

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309 / 309S309 is a heat-resisting austenitic stainless steel with about 23 % chromium and 13 % nickel, used for furnace parts and hot equipment up to roughly 1000 °C in air.304 / 1.4301Type 304 is the standard 18/8 austenitic stainless steel, with about 18% chromium and 8% nickel, and the most widely used stainless grade.316 / 1.4401Type 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel, with about 2% molybdenum for better resistance to chlorides than 304.321321 is a titanium-stabilised 18/8 austenitic stainless steel that resists intergranular corrosion after heating in the 425–850 °C range.304L / 1.4307304L is the low-carbon version of 304 stainless steel, with carbon limited to 0.030 % so welds do not lose corrosion resistance.EN 10027 names and numbersEuropean steels carry two identifiers under EN 10027: a steel name (Part 1) such as S235JR, C45 or 42CrMo4 that describes the steel's use or chemistry, and a material number (Part 2) such as 1.0503 or 1.7225.BS 970 and the EN seriesBS 970 names steels with a six-character code such as 080M40, in which the first three digits give the steel type, the letter says how the steel is specified and the last two digits give the carbon content.IS 1570 and Indian designationsIndian steel names follow the letter-symbol code in IS 1762 (Part 1), which the IS 1570 schedules use: 45C8 means about 0.45% carbon, C for carbon steel and about 0.8% manganese, while alloy names such as 40Cr4Mo3 list each element with a multiplied content figure.JIS steel designationsJapanese JIS steel symbols start with S for steel and add letters for the steel family or its use, but the number means different things in different standards.

References

Sources

  1. Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 310, 310S, 310H Grade Data Sheet (revised 23/04/2021) — ASTM A240 / A167 composition and properties, heat resistance, sigma phase, heat treatment, welding, grade comparison.
  2. Atlas Steels, Product Reference Manual Section 9: stainless steel properties and equivalent grades — UNS, old British BS, Euronorm and JIS cross-reference with ASTM A240 composition and specified mechanical properties. States that cross-references are approximate.
  3. ICAST: ASTM A240 UNS S31008 — Second source for the ASTM A240 composition and minimum mechanical properties.
  4. Rolled Alloys: 310 Stainless Steel data sheet — Oxidation limit, sulfidation and carburizing notes, typical tensile and creep data, UNS S31008 / 1.4845 specification line.
  5. Aperam: 310S datasheet (FT 310S) — Typical composition and properties, maximum in-service temperatures, oxidation comparison with 309 and 309N; cites 1.4845 to EN 10095 and S31008 to ASTM A240.
  6. Jacquet Metals: Technical sheet 309/309S, 310/310S — ASTM A167 / A240 limits for 309, 309S, 310 and 310S; identifies 1.4828 as 309Si and 1.4841 as 310Si; typical room-temperature properties.
  7. British Stainless Steel Association: Ambient temperature mechanical properties of heat resisting steels to BS EN 10095 — Table of hardness, Rp0.2, Rp1.0, Rm and elongation for 1.4828, 1.4833, 1.4841 and 1.4845 (used to correct the 1.4833 elongation and the 1.4845 tensile range).
  8. Outokumpu: Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards — EN and ASTM minimum mechanical properties, old British names (4833 / 309S16, 4845 / 310S16) and maximum service temperatures.
  9. Euro Inox (ISER): Stainless Steels at High Temperatures, Table 2 — EN 10095 C, Si, Mn, Cr and Ni limits for 1.4828, 1.4833, 1.4845 and 1.4841.
  10. ATI 310S Austenitic Stainless Steel — ASTM A240 / SA-240 composition and minimum properties for 310S (515 MPa, 205 MPa, 40 %, 95 HRB max).
  11. Team Edelstahl: 1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21) Werkstoff-Datenblatt (2025 revision) — Stockist datasheet: EN heat-analysis limits, room-temperature properties, scaling limit in air. Values are informational.
  12. Nose Stainless: steel types, composition and mechanical properties (JIS reference sheet) — JIS composition, solution-treatment temperature, proof stress, tensile strength, elongation and hardness for SUS309S, SUS310S, SUS316L and SUS321.
  13. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1570 (Part 5):1985 Schedules for wrought steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels (Public.Resource.Org copy) — Table 1 composition and Table 3 bar mechanical requirements. The scanned text is poor quality, so figures were read against neighbouring rows.
  14. BSI: EN 10095 Heat resisting steels and nickel alloys — Catalogue record of the European heat-resisting steel standard that lists 1.4828, 1.4833, 1.4841 and 1.4845. The standard itself is paywalled.
  15. Total Materia: B.S. 310S16 — Carbon limit of 310S16.
  16. Total Materia: B.S. 310 S 24 — Carbon limit of 310S24 (BS 1449-2:1983).

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.