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Resources/Materials & grades/1144 / 44SMn28

Materials & grades

1144 / 44SMn28 / SUM43 free-machining medium-carbon steel: equivalents 226M44 and 1.0762

1144 is a resulphurized medium-carbon steel with 0.40–0.48 % carbon, 1.35–1.65 % manganese and 0.24–0.33 % sulphur. It is often supplied cold drawn and stress relieved, giving higher strength than 1117 or 12L14 while still machining well.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignation規格Match
USAAISI/SAE1144SAE J403; ASTM A29 / A108Same material
UNSG11440—Same material
ASTM A3111144 Class A / Class BCold drawn, stress relieved bar with mechanical property requirements. Class B uses heavier drafts for higher strength.ASTM A311Same material
UKBS 970226M44Listed against 1144 and 44SMn28 by Total Materia. BS 970 has been withdrawn in favour of European standards.BS 970-1Closest equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 name44SMn28Carbon 0.40–0.48 %, manganese 1.30–1.70 %, sulphur 0.24–0.33 %.EN ISO 683-4 (formerly EN 10087); EN ISO 683-7 (formerly EN 10277-3)Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.0762Material number of 44SMn28.EN ISO 683-4Equivalent
インドIS 1570 (Part 3)40C15S12Carbon 0.35–0.45 %, manganese 1.30–1.70 %, but sulphur only 0.08–0.15 %.IS 1570 (Part 3):1979; IS 4431Closest equivalent
IS 1570 (old designation)40Mn2S12Superseded Indian name for 40C15S12.—Closest equivalent
JapanJIS G 4804SUM43Carbon 0.40–0.48 %, manganese 1.35–1.65 % and sulphur 0.24–0.33 %, the same as 1144; phosphorus ≤0.040 %.JIS G 4804Closest equivalent

On equivalence

  • 44SMn28 is the closest European grade. Its carbon (0.40–0.48 %) and sulphur (0.24–0.33 %) match 1144; manganese is 1.30–1.70 % against 1.35–1.65 %, and EN allows phosphorus up to 0.06 % against 0.030 %.
  • UK 226M44 is listed against 1144 and 44SMn28 by Total Materia. No composition was readable for it, so the match is kept at closest.
  • Indian 40C15S12 has the same manganese range as 44SMn28 but carbon of 0.35–0.45 % and sulphur of only 0.08–0.15 %. It machines less freely than 1144. 40C10S18 (sulphur 0.14–0.22 %, manganese 0.80–1.20 %) is another IS 1570 (Part 3) steel but has less manganese.
  • JIS SUM43 matches the carbon, manganese and sulphur ranges of 1144 (Kobelco's JIS G 4804 table), but allows phosphorus up to 0.040 % against 0.030 %.
  • 44SMnPb28 (1.0763) is the leaded European version of 44SMn28, with 0.15–0.35 % lead.
  • Stressproof is a trade name of LaSalle Steel. The generic description is 1144 cold drawn and stress relieved, normally to ASTM A311 Class A or B.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

Element1144USA · SAE J40344SMn28 (1.0762)EU · EN 10277-3 / EN 10087 (now EN ISO 683-4, 683-7)40C15S12インド · IS 1570 (Part 3):1979SUM43Japan · JIS G 4804
C0.40–0.480.40–0.480.35–0.450.40–0.48
Si—≤0.40≤0.25—
Mn1.35–1.651.30–1.701.30–1.701.35–1.65
P≤0.030≤0.06≤0.060≤0.040
S0.24–0.330.24–0.330.08–0.150.24–0.33

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
Hot rolled (1144)Estimated minimum, SAE J1397 basis as listed by ICAST; bar size not statedICAST SAE J403 / J1397 UNS G11440, hot rolled670 MPa97 ksi370 MPa54 ksi≥15 %197 HB (ICAST lists it as a maximum)
Cold drawn (1144)Estimated minimum, SAE J1397 basis as listed by ICAST; bar size not statedICAST SAE J403 / J1397 UNS G11440, cold drawn740 MPa107 ksi620 MPa90 ksi≥10 %217 HB (ICAST lists it as a maximum)
Cold drawn, heavy draft, stress relieved, Class B (1144)Specified minimum, ASTM A311 Class B; elongation ≥8 %, or ≥7 % above 76 mm (3 in)ASTM A311 as listed by Total Materia and Alro≥795 MPa≥115 ksi≥690 MPa≥100 ksi≥8 %—
Cold drawn +C (44SMn28)Specified, d >10–16 mmEN 10277-3:2007 as tabulated by Roymech; EN 10277 is now superseded by EN ISO 683-7, whose values were not read710–980 MPa103–142 ksi≥530 MPa≥77 ksi≥5 %—
Cold drawn +C (44SMn28)Specified, d >16–40 mmEN 10277-3:2007 as tabulated by Roymech; EN 10277 is now superseded by EN ISO 683-7, whose values were not read660–900 MPa96–131 ksi≥460 MPa≥67 ksi≥6 %—
Cold drawn +C (44SMn28)Specified, d >40–63 mmEN 10277-3:2007 as tabulated by Roymech; EN 10277 is now superseded by EN ISO 683-7, whose values were not read650–870 MPa94–126 ksi≥430 MPa≥62 ksi≥7 %—
Hot rolled or normalized (40C15S12)Specified range, ruling sections up to 150 mmIS 1570 (Part 3):1979, Table 2600–700 MPa87–102 ksi—≥15 %—
Cold drawn (40C15S12)Specified minimum tensile, bars up to 20 mmIS 1570 (Part 3):1979, Table 3≥680 MPa≥99 ksi—≥7 %—
Hardened and tempered (40C15S12)Specified, limiting ruling section 60 mmIS 1570 (Part 3):1979, Table 4700–850 MPa102–123 ksi≥500 MPa≥72.5 ksi≥18 %—

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • Machinability is rated about 76 % on the AISI scale where 1212 is 100 %. The same chart lists 85 % annealed and 83 % for stress-relieved (Stressproof, a trade name) bar (Enerpac).
  • Higher carbon and manganese than 1117 give much higher strength: ICAST lists an estimated 740 MPa minimum tensile cold drawn against 480 MPa for 1117.
  • Stress-relieved cold drawn bar (ASTM A311) is heated to at least 288 °C (550 °F) after drawing, which gives stable dimensions when keyways or flats are machined.
  • Alro notes that 1144 can be induction hardened, with a watch for quench cracking.
  • Sulphur at 0.24–0.33 % limits weldability and transverse ductility.

Heat treatment

  • Stress relieving after cold drawing: at least 288 °C (550 °F) for ASTM A311 bars (Total Materia).
  • Induction hardening of cold finished bar is possible; Alro warns about quench cracks.
  • ICAST lists the grade as supplied rolled, annealed, normalized, or hardened and tempered. This reference gives no 1144-specific temperatures, so follow the mill or heat treater's recommendation.

主な用途

  • Shafts, spindles and pump parts that need strength without further heat treatment
  • Hydraulic and pneumatic fittings, gears and pinions machined in bulk
  • Automotive and general-engineering components made on automatic lathes
  • Parts that are induction hardened locally

Free-machining steels

Similar grades compared

グレードC %Mn %Tensile, first listed condition
1144 / 44SMn280.40–0.481.35–1.65670 MPa
1117 / 15SMn130.14–0.201.00–1.30430 MPa
1215 / 11SMn37≤0.090.75–1.05540 MPa
12L14 / 11SMnPb30≤0.150.85–1.15390 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

よくあるご質問

Common questions

What is the equivalent of 1144 steel?

44SMn28 (1.0762) is the closest European grade and SUM43 the Japanese one. UK 226M44 and Indian 40C15S12 are looser matches; 40C15S12 has much less sulphur than 1144.

What is 1144 Stressproof?

Stressproof is a LaSalle Steel trade name for 1144 cold drawn with heavy draft and then stress relieved. The generic standard is ASTM A311 Class B, which requires at least 795 MPa (115 ksi) tensile and 690 MPa (100 ksi) yield.

Is 1144 stronger than 1045?

Cold drawn 1144 reaches an estimated 740 MPa minimum tensile and 620 MPa yield (SAE J1397 basis, ICAST). 1045 cold drawn is listed at 630 MPa and 530 MPa on the same basis, and 1144 machines better.

How machinable is 1144?

About 76 % on the AISI scale with 1212 at 100 %. It is lower than 1215 (136 %) or 12L14 (170 %) because of its higher carbon and strength, but higher than 1045.

Can 1144 be heat treated?

It can be hardened and tempered, and Alro states it can be induction hardened. It is usually used in the cold drawn or stress-relieved condition, relying on cold work and manganese for strength.

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Keep reading

1117 / 15SMn131117 is a resulphurized low-carbon steel with 0.14–0.20 % carbon, 1.00–1.30 % manganese and 0.08–0.13 % sulphur.1215 / 11SMn371215 is a resulphurized and rephosphorized low-carbon screw-machine steel with up to 0.09 % carbon, 0.26–0.35 % sulphur and 0.04–0.09 % phosphorus.12L14 / 11SMnPb3012L14 is a resulphurized and rephosphorized low-carbon steel with 0.15–0.35 % lead added, rated about 170 % machinability against 1212 at 100 %.1045 / C451045 is a medium-carbon steel with about 0.45 % carbon, supplied hot rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered for shafts, pins, gears and forgings.1040 / C40 / EN81040, C40, EN8 (080M40), 40C8 and S40C are closely related medium-carbon steels with about 0.40 % carbon, used for shafts, axles, studs and forgings that need more strength than mild steel.SAE / AISI numbersA four-digit SAE/AISI number such as 1045 or 4140 names a carbon or alloy steel by its chemistry: the first two digits identify the steel family and the last two give the nominal carbon content in hundredths of a percent.EN 10027 names and numbersEuropean steels carry two identifiers under EN 10027: a steel name (Part 1) such as S235JR, C45 or 42CrMo4 that describes the steel's use or chemistry, and a material number (Part 2) such as 1.0503 or 1.7225.BS 970 and the EN seriesBS 970 names steels with a six-character code such as 080M40, in which the first three digits give the steel type, the letter says how the steel is specified and the last two digits give the carbon content.IS 1570 and Indian designationsIndian steel names follow the letter-symbol code in IS 1762 (Part 1), which the IS 1570 schedules use: 45C8 means about 0.45% carbon, C for carbon steel and about 0.8% manganese, while alloy names such as 40Cr4Mo3 list each element with a multiplied content figure.JIS steel designationsJapanese JIS steel symbols start with S for steel and add letters for the steel family or its use, but the number means different things in different standards.

References

Sources

  1. ICAST: SAE J403 / SAE J1397 UNS G11440, Cold Drawn — SAE J403 composition and J1397 estimated properties; lists ASTM A311 Class A and B.
  2. ICAST: SAE J403 / SAE J1397 UNS G11440, Hot Rolled
  3. Total Materia: SAE 1144 (SAE J403:2014) — Composition and equivalents including 44SMn28, 1.0762, SUM 43.
  4. Total Materia: JIS SUM 43 (G 4804:2021) — Carbon, manganese and phosphorus limits; lists B.S. 226 M 44 and 44SMn28.
  5. Total Materia: ASME SA-311 1144 Class B — Class B minimums and the 288 °C stress-relief rule.
  6. Alro: Class B A311 cold finish steel bar, 1144 (trade name Stressproof) — Distributor page; ASTM A311 Class B minimums and induction hardening remark. Stressproof is a LaSalle Steel trademark.
  7. Roymech: EN 10277 bright steel products, free-cutting steels — Composition and cold drawn properties of 11SMn30, 11SMnPb30, 11SMn37, 11SMnPb37, 15SMn13 and 44SMn28 by diameter band.
  8. IS 1570 (Part 3):1979 Schedules for wrought steels: carbon and carbon manganese free cutting steels (public copy) — Composition and tensile limits for 10C8S10, 14C14S14, 25C12S14, 40C10S18, 11C10S25 and 40C15S12.
  9. Enerpac: metal machinability ratings chart (AISI, percent of a free-machining reference steel) — Lists 1018 78 %, 1117 91 %, 1144 76 % (annealed 85 %), 1212 100 %, 12L14 170 %, 1215 136 %. Its footnote still cites B1112 as the reference.
  10. Engineering Toolbox: machinability of metals — Same AISI ratings (1117 91 %, 1144 76 %, 1215 136 %, 12L14 170 %).
  11. PMPA Craftsman's Cribsheet 58: Relative machinability of materials — States that carbon and alloy steels are compared with 1212 at 100 %.
  12. Kobelco: wire rods and bars specification tables, JIS G 4804 sulfur and sulfur compound free-cutting steel (2008 revision) — JIS G 4804 limits for SUM22, SUM23, SUM24L, SUM25, SUM31 and SUM43: C, Mn, P, S and Pb.
  13. BBN Steel Stores: JIS G4804 equivalent material — Second source for JIS SUM23, SUM24L, SUM25, SUM31 and SUM43 C, Mn, P, S and Pb limits.
  14. tubemfg: 15SMn13 and 44SMn28 chemical composition (EN 10087) — Second source for 15SMn13 and 44SMn28 C, Si, Mn, P and S (also https://tubemfg.com/eu/15SMn13.html).
  15. Standards listings: ISO 683-4 (free-cutting steels, replaced EN 10087) and EN ISO 683-7:2024 (bright products, replaced EN 10277:2018) — Confirms EN ISO 683-7 supersedes EN 10277:2018; ISO 683-4 lists 15SMn13 and 44SMn28 as free-cutting steels (de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatenstahl).

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.