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Resources/Materials & grades/A992

Materials & grades

ASTM A992 structural steel for wide-flange shapes

ASTM A992 is the standard steel for rolled wide-flange (W) shapes in the USA, with a yield strength of 345–450 MPa (50–65 ksi), a minimum tensile strength of 450 MPa (65 ksi) and a yield-to-tensile ratio of 0.85 or less. S355J2, IS 2062 E350 and JIS SN490B are its closest equivalents.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignationNormeMatch
USAASTMA992Covers rolled structural shapes, mainly wide-flange W shapes.ASTM A992/A992MSame material
ASTMA572 Grade 50Same 345 MPa minimum yield and 450 MPa tensile minimum, but no yield ceiling, yield ratio or CEV limit. Has its own page.ASTM A572/A572MClosest equivalent
UKBS EN 10025-2S355J2Used for UB and UC sections. Yield has no maximum, and the yield-to-tensile ratio is not limited.BS EN 10025-2Closest equivalent
BS EN 10025-2S355JRImpact tested at 20 °C only.BS EN 10025-2Closest equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 nameS355J2The usual grade for HEA, HEB and IPE sections.EN 10025-2Closest equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.0577Material number of S355J2.EN 10025-2Closest equivalent
EN 10027-1 nameS355JREN 10025-2Closest equivalent
IndeIS 2062E350 (A, BR, B0, C)350 MPa yield, 490 MPa tensile minimum; no yield ceiling or yield ratio limit.IS 2062:2011Closest equivalent
JapanJIS G 3136SN490BBuilding structure steel with a yield range of 325–445 MPa, tensile 490–610 MPa and a yield ratio of 80 % or less. It is the Japanese grade written to the same plastic-design purpose as A992.JIS G 3136Closest equivalent
JIS G 3106SM490A / SM490B / SM490CYield 325 MPa to 16 mm; no yield ceiling or yield ratio control.JIS G 3106Closest equivalent

On equivalence

  • No exact equivalent exists because A992 limits both maximum yield and yield ratio. S355J2 and IS 2062 E350 have a similar minimum yield but no ceiling and no yield ratio limit.
  • JIS SN490B is the nearest by purpose: it limits the yield range and yield ratio for building structures.
  • When a European section must replace an A992 shape in seismic design, check the actual overstrength. S355 has no yield ceiling, so mill-certified values can exceed 450 MPa.
  • A992 typically replaces A572 Grade 50 for shapes. Plate and bar remain A572 Grade 50 (or A36).
  • A992/A992M-11 applies the 0.47 % CE limit to shapes with flange thickness over 50 mm (2 in). AISC and some references describe it as Group 4 and 5 shapes. Check the edition on the order.
  • A992 carbon equivalent uses the IIW formula based on heat analysis.
  • The SN490B composition and its 325–445 MPa yield band (12–40 mm) agree with a mill (Yamato Kogyo) and a steel dealer (Chubu Kohan). Over 40 mm the dealer lists 295–415 MPa and Ceq ≤0.46; total Materia lists 295–445 MPa, so check the thickness band on the order.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

ElementA992USA · ASTM A992/A992M-11 (heat analysis)S355J2 (1.0577), up to 30 mmEU · EN 10025-2:2019E350 A / BRInde · IS 2062:2011SN490BJapan · JIS G 3136
C≤0.23≤0.20≤0.20≤0.18
Si≤0.40≤0.55≤0.45≤0.55
Mn0.50–1.60≤1.60—≤1.65
P≤0.035≤0.030≤0.045≤0.030
S≤0.045≤0.030≤0.045≤0.015
Cr≤0.35———
Ni≤0.45———
Mo≤0.15———
V≤0.15———
Cu≤0.60≤0.55——
Nb≤0.05———
CE≤0.45 (≤0.47 for shapes with flange thickness over 50 mm [2 in])———
CEV—≤0.45——
Ceq———≤0.44 (≤40 mm)

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
As rolled (ASTM A992)Specified, all shapes; yield range 50–65 ksi; yield-to-tensile ratio at most 0.85; elongation 18 % in 200 mm (8 in), 21 % in 50 mm (2 in)ASTM A992/A992M as summarized by AISC≥450 MPa≥65 ksi345–450 MPa50–65 ksi21 %—
As rolled (S355J2, EN 10025-2)Specified, thickness up to 16 mm; no yield ceiling; Charpy 27 J at −20 °CEN 10025-2 as declared by Saarstahl470–630 MPa68–91 ksi≥355 MPa≥51.5 ksi22 %—
As rolled (IS 2062 E350)Specified, thickness up to 20 mm; no yield ceilingIS 2062:2011, Table 2≥490 MPa≥71 ksi≥350 MPa≥50.8 ksi22 %—
As rolled (JIS SN490B)Specified summary, thickness 12–40 mm; yield ratio at most 80 %; check the current JIS G 3136 table for other thicknessesJIS G 3136 as tabulated by Yamato Kogyo and Chubu Kohan; summary on Total Materia490–610 MPa71–88.5 ksi325–445 MPa47–64.5 ksi——

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • The 345–450 MPa yield band and the 0.85 yield-to-tensile ratio guarantee ductility and a predictable overstrength, which seismic and plastic design rely on.
  • Carbon equivalent is limited to 0.45 %, or 0.47 % for shapes with flanges over 50 mm (2 in), so the steel welds without special measures in normal thicknesses.
  • Strength comes from small additions of manganese and vanadium or niobium, with a combined Nb + V limit of 0.15 %.
  • No Charpy test is required in the base specification; one can be ordered as a supplementary requirement.
  • Typical mill product: most W shapes carry dual certification to A992 and A572 Grade 50.

Heat treatment

  • Supplied as rolled (hot rolled shapes); no heat treatment is required.
  • Normalizing is not needed for the base grade and is not normal practice for shapes.
  • Preheat for welding depends on thickness and restraint; AWS D1.1 gives the usual minimums for the steel group.
  • Flame cutting, bending and forming follow normal structural fabrication practice.

Usages types

  • Wide-flange beams and columns in buildings
  • Seismic moment frames and braced frames
  • Bridges and industrial structures using W shapes
  • Crane runways, platforms and heavy machine foundations

Structural and plate steels

Similar grades compared

GradeC %Mn %Cr %Ni %Tensile, first listed condition
A992≤0.230.50–1.60≤0.35≤0.45≥450 MPa
A572 Grade 50≤0.23≤1.35——≥450 MPa
S420 / E410≤0.26≤1.35≤0.30≤0.80520–680 MPa
S460 / A572 Gr 65≤0.23≤1.65≤0.30≤0.80540–720 MPa
A36 / S275JR / E250≤0.250.80–1.20——400–550 MPa
S235JR≤0.24≤0.90——360–510 MPa
S355J2≤0.23≤1.35——470–630 MPa
A588 / S355J2W≤0.190.80–1.250.40–0.65≤0.40≥485 MPa
A514 / S690QL0.12–0.210.70–1.000.40–0.650.70–1.00760–895 MPa
A516 Gr 70 / P355GH≤0.27 (to 12.5 mm); ≤0.28 (12.5–50 mm); ≤0.30 (50–100 mm); ≤0.31 (100–200 mm)0.85–1.20≤0.30≤0.30485–620 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

Questions et réponses

Common questions

What is the equivalent of ASTM A992?

S355J2 (1.0577) in Europe and the UK, IS 2062 E350 in India and JIS SN490B in Japan are the closest. None limits maximum yield and yield ratio exactly the way A992 does, except SN490B.

What is the difference between A992 and A572 Grade 50?

Both have a 345 MPa minimum yield. A992 adds a 450 MPa yield maximum, a yield-to-tensile ratio of 0.85 or less, a CEV limit and applies only to rolled shapes. A572 Grade 50 covers plate, bars and shapes.

Is A992 stronger than A36?

Yes. A992 has a 345 MPa (50 ksi) minimum yield against 250 MPa (36 ksi) for A36, and its yield is capped at 450 MPa (65 ksi).

Is A992 weldable?

Yes. Carbon equivalent is limited to 0.45 % (0.47 % for heavy shapes), so standard structural welding procedures apply. Heavy sections and restrained joints may need preheat.

Why does the yield-to-tensile ratio of A992 matter?

A ratio of 0.85 or less means the steel hardens noticeably after yielding. That gives ductility and a predictable upper bound on strength, which is why A992 is used in seismic frames.

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A572 Grade 50ASTM A572 Grade 50 is a high-strength low-alloy structural steel with a minimum yield of 345 MPa (50 ksi) and a minimum tensile strength of 450 MPa (65 ksi).A36 / S275JR / E250ASTM A36, EN S275JR, IS 2062 E250 and JIS SS400 are the general-purpose hot-rolled structural steels of the USA, Europe, India and Japan, with a minimum yield of roughly 245–275 MPa (36–40 ksi).S355J2S355J2 is a common higher-strength structural steel of EN 10025-2, with a minimum yield of 355 MPa (51 ksi) up to 16 mm and a tensile strength of 470–630 MPa.S460 / A572 Gr 65S460 is a fine-grain structural steel with a 460 MPa minimum yield, supplied normalized (N, NL) to EN 10025-3 or thermomechanically rolled (M, ML) to EN 10025-4.Structural steel gradesStructural steel grades in the USA, UK, EU, India and Japan line up by minimum yield strength: about 250 MPa (A36, S235/S275, E250, SS400), about 350 MPa (A572 Grade 50 / A992, S355, E350, SM490) and about 410–450 MPa (A572 Grade 60/65, S450, E410/E450, SM570).SAE / AISI numbersA four-digit SAE/AISI number such as 1045 or 4140 names a carbon or alloy steel by its chemistry: the first two digits identify the steel family and the last two give the nominal carbon content in hundredths of a percent.

References

Sources

  1. ASTM A992/A992M: Structural steel shapes (catalogue entry) — Scope and edition history.
  2. University of Nebraska MwRSF: copy of ASTM A992/A992M-11 — Heat-analysis limits, Mn minimum relaxation, Nb + V limit and mechanical requirements of the 2011 edition.
  3. AISC Steel Solutions Center: ordering steel — A992 yield range, yield-to-tensile ratio, and the carbon equivalent limits for heavy shapes.
  4. Saarstahl: declaration of performance, flat steel S355J2 / 1.0577 to EN 10025-2:2019 — Current-edition limits: C, Si, Mn, P, S, CEV by thickness, yield, tensile, elongation, Charpy.
  5. IS 2062:2011 Hot rolled medium and high tensile structural steel (public copy) — Mechanical properties, Charpy and the CE formula. The text layer of Table 1 is garbled, so chemistry per grade is cross-checked with mill sources.
  6. Tata Steel DigECA: IS 2062 E250, E350, E410 steel grades guide — E250, E350, E410 limits and impact qualities (A, BR, B0, C).
  7. Total Materia: JIS SN 490 B — SN490B carbon, Ceq and strength limits (summary only).
  8. Yamato Kogyo: high-spec H-beams, SN490B (JIS G 3136) — SN490B C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ceq, yield 325–445 MPa at 12–40 mm, tensile 490–610 MPa, yield ratio at most 80 %, 27 J at 0 °C.
  9. Chubu Kohan: JIS G 3136 building structure rolled steel plate — SN490B chemistry by thickness, Ceq 0.44 to 40 mm, yield bands (325–445 MPa at 12–40 mm, 295–415 MPa over 40 mm).

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.