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Resources/Materials & grades/2205 / 1.4462

Materials & grades

2205 duplex stainless steel: S32205 / S31803, 1.4462 (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3) and SUS329J3L

2205 is the most widely used duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel, with 22 % chromium, 5 % nickel and 3 % molybdenum, more than twice the yield strength of 316L and better chloride resistance. It is UNS S32205 or S31803, 1.4462 (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3) in Europe and SUS329J3L in Japan.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignationNormaMatch
USAAISI/ASTM2205ASTM A240 defines 2205 as S32205 (Atlas).ASTM A240 (plate, sheet, strip); ASTM A276, A479 (bar); ASTM A182 F51 (forgings); ASTM A790 (pipe)Same material
UNSS32205The restricted composition, endorsed in 1996. Better guaranteed corrosion resistance than S31803 (Atlas).—Same material
UNSS31803The original, wider composition (Cr 21.0–23.0 %, N 0.08–0.20 %). Much S31803 production also meets S32205. Atlas calls S31803 a closer equivalent to most other specifications.—Equivalent
UKBS 970-1318S13Listed for 2205 / S31803 by Atlas, Outokumpu and Aircraft Materials. Withdrawn; new orders use EN 10088.BS 970Closest equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 nameX2CrNiMoN22-5-3Nitrogen 0.10–0.22 %. Fits S31803 and, in most production, S32205.EN 10088-1; EN 10088-2; EN 10088-3; EN 10028-7Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.4462Material number of X2CrNiMoN22-5-3.EN 10088-1; EN 10088-2; EN 10088-3; EN 10028-7Equivalent
DIN 17440 (legacy)1.4462 / X2CrNiMoN22-5-3Superseded German standard. The name and number carried over into EN 10088.DIN 17440Equivalent
JapanJIS G 4303SUS329J3LCr 21.0–24.0 %, N 0.08–0.20 %. Matches S31803 more closely than S32205.JIS G 4303 (bar); JIS G 4304 / G 4305 (plate, sheet)Equivalent

On equivalence

  • Always state S31803 or S32205. S32205 (1996) is a restricted range inside S31803: chromium at least 22 %, molybdenum at least 3 % and nitrogen at least 0.14 %. Atlas recommends naming the UNS number. ASTM A240 defines 2205 as S32205.
  • EN 10088 1.4462 has nitrogen 0.10–0.22 % and chromium 21.0–23.0 %, so it fits S31803 and, in practice, most S32205. DEW quotes N 0.12–0.22 %, a narrower working range.
  • SUS329J3L matches S31803 more closely than S32205. SUS329J1 is an older duplex with higher chromium and no nitrogen requirement.
  • BS 970 318S13 is the withdrawn British name. Only closest, because trade sources give it for S31803.
  • No Indian designation appears in IS 1570 (Part 5). Indian purchasers order duplex 2205 to ASTM or EN specifications.
  • Mechanical minimums differ between standards by product. ASTM A240 plate is at least 655 MPa for S32205 and 620 MPa for S31803, while EN 10088-3 bar is 650–880 MPa.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

ElementS32205USA · ASTM A240S31803USA · ASTM A240X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 (1.4462)EU · EN 10088-1SUS329J3LJapan · JIS G 4303
C≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030
Si≤1.00≤1.00≤1.00≤1.00
Mn≤2.00≤2.00≤2.00≤2.00
P≤0.030≤0.030≤0.035≤0.040
S≤0.020≤0.020≤0.015≤0.030
Cr22.0–23.021.0–23.021.0–23.021.00–24.00
Ni4.5–6.54.5–6.54.5–6.54.50–6.50
Mo3.0–3.52.5–3.52.5–3.52.50–3.50
N0.14–0.200.08–0.200.10–0.220.08–0.20

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
Solution annealed (S32205)Specified minimums, plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240); hardness is a maximumASTM A240 as quoted by Atlas Steels≥655 MPa≥95 ksi≥450 MPa≥65 ksi≥25 %≤31 HRC (≤293 HB)
Solution annealed (S31803)Specified minimums, plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240); hardness is a maximumASTM A240 as quoted by Atlas Steels≥620 MPa≥90 ksi≥450 MPa≥65 ksi≥25 %≤31 HRC (≤293 HB)
Solution annealed (+AT), EN 10088-3Specified, bar up to 160 mm; hardness is a maximumEN 10088-3 as given by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke650–880 MPa94–128 ksi≥450 MPa≥65 ksi≥25 %≤270 HB; impact ≥100 J (ISO-V)
Solution annealed (+AT), EN 10088-2Specified minimums, hot rolled plate; hardness is a maximumEN 10088-2 as tabulated by Euro Inox640–840 MPa93–122 ksi≥460 MPa≥67 ksi≥25 %≤293 HB (≤31 HRC)
Solution annealed (SUS329J3L)Specified minimums, bar; reduction of area ≥40 %JIS G 4303 as given by Nose Stainless≥620 MPa≥90 ksi≥450 MPa≥65 ksi≥18 %≤302 HBW
Solution annealed, typical (Outokumpu 2205)Typical values for flat products, not minimums; A5 elongationOutokumpu steel grades and global standards750 MPa109 ksi510 MPa74 ksi35 %—

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • Two-phase structure of roughly equal parts ferrite and austenite. The specified minimum yield, 450 MPa, is more than twice that of 316L (170 MPa in ASTM A240).
  • Excellent resistance to pitting, crevice and intergranular corrosion, and to chloride stress corrosion cracking up to about 150 °C. Better than 316 in most environments and in sea water (Atlas).
  • Critical pitting temperature is generally at least 35 °C (Atlas). DEW quotes a pitting resistance equivalent of about 31–38.
  • Magnetic. The ferrite phase makes duplex steels ferromagnetic, unlike annealed austenitic 304 and 316.
  • Cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but it work hardens. Its lower nickel content than the austenitic grades makes it an economic alternative (DEW).
  • Brittle phases form with long exposure above about 300 °C (475 °C embrittlement). IMOA gives design limits of 315 °C under ASME and 280 °C under TÜV rules (250 °C welded); Rolled Alloys gives about 316 °C. Toughness falls below about −40 to −50 °C, so it is not usually specified for colder service.
  • Weldable by standard methods with a duplex filler (2209) and controlled heat input of about 1–3 kJ/mm. Do not weld without filler, and use no preheat or post-heat (Atlas, DEW).
  • Harder to machine and form than austenitic grades. Cutting speed is about 20 % lower than for 304 (Atlas). Cold heading is generally not possible.

Heat treatment

  • Solution annealing: about 1020–1100 °C, then cool rapidly (Atlas). DEW gives 1050–1100 °C with rapid air or water cooling.
  • The grade cannot be hardened by thermal treatment. Strength comes from the duplex structure and from nitrogen.
  • Hot forming: heat to about 1200 °C and work with care; shock loading while hot can cause problems (DEW). Anneal fully after hot work.
  • If embrittled by holding above about 300 °C, only a full solution anneal restores toughness (Atlas).

Usos habituales

  • Chemical processing, transport and storage vessels
  • Oil and gas exploration and processing equipment
  • Marine and offshore structures, ship building
  • Pulp and paper digesters, liquor tanks and machinery
  • Heat exchangers, desalination and high-chloride service

Stainless steels

Similar grades compared

GradoC %Mn %Cr %Ni %Tensile, first listed condition
2205 / 1.4462≤0.030≤2.0022.0–23.04.5–6.5≥655 MPa
201 / 1.4372≤0.155.50–7.5016.0–18.03.5–5.5≥515 MPa
301 / 1.4310≤0.15≤2.0016.0–18.06.0–8.0≥515 MPa
303 / 1.4305≤0.15≤2.017.0–19.08.0–10.0650 MPa
304 / 1.4301≤0.08≤2.0018.0–20.08.0–10.5≥515 MPa
304L / 1.4307≤0.030≤2.0018.0–20.08.0–12.0≥485 MPa
309 / 309S≤0.08≤2.0022.0–24.012.0–15.0≥515 MPa
310 / 310S≤0.08≤2.0024.0–26.019.0–22.0≥515 MPa
316 / 1.4401≤0.08≤2.0016.0–18.010.0–14.0≥515 MPa
316L≤0.030≤2.0016.0–18.010.0–14.0≥485 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

Preguntas resueltas

Common questions

What is the difference between S31803 and S32205?

S32205 is a narrower range of the original S31803, adopted in 1996. It requires at least 22.0 % chromium, 3.0 % molybdenum and 0.14 % nitrogen, against 21.0 %, 2.5 % and 0.08 % for S31803. Most S31803 produced today meets S32205, and plate sold under either UNS number should be specified clearly.

Is 2205 stainless steel magnetic?

Yes. The ferrite half of the duplex structure is ferromagnetic, so 2205 is attracted to a magnet. Annealed 304 and 316 are not.

What is the equivalent of 2205 duplex stainless steel?

1.4462 (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3) in Europe, SUS329J3L in Japan and 318S13 in the old British standard. S31803 and S32205 are the two UNS numbers.

Is 2205 better than 316L?

For strength and chloride corrosion, yes. 2205 has more than twice the specified yield strength of 316L, resists chloride stress corrosion cracking up to about 150 °C and has a critical pitting temperature of at least 35 °C. 316L is easier to form and weld and has no temperature embrittlement limit near 300 °C.

What is the maximum service temperature of 2205?

Most codes cap 2205 at about 280–315 °C: IMOA gives 315 °C under ASME and 280 °C under TÜV rules (250 °C welded), and Rolled Alloys about 316 °C. Above that, 475 °C embrittlement develops with time. It is generally not used below about −40 to −50 °C.

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316 / 1.4401Type 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel, with about 2% molybdenum for better resistance to chlorides than 304.316L316L is the low-carbon version of 316 stainless steel: the same molybdenum-bearing austenitic analysis with carbon held to 0.03 % or less.304 / 1.4301Type 304 is the standard 18/8 austenitic stainless steel, with about 18% chromium and 8% nickel, and the most widely used stainless grade.17-4PH / 63017-4PH is a martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel with 17 % chromium, 4 % nickel and 4 % copper that ages to over 1300 MPa tensile strength.431 / 1.4057431 is a nickel-bearing 16 % chromium martensitic stainless steel with the best corrosion resistance and toughness of the hardenable 400 series.AnnealingAnnealing heats steel to a set temperature, holds it and cools it slowly to make it softer, more ductile and easier to machine or cold form.EN 10027 names and numbersEuropean steels carry two identifiers under EN 10027: a steel name (Part 1) such as S235JR, C45 or 42CrMo4 that describes the steel's use or chemistry, and a material number (Part 2) such as 1.0503 or 1.7225.JIS steel designationsJapanese JIS steel symbols start with S for steel and add letters for the steel family or its use, but the number means different things in different standards.

References

Sources

  1. Atlas Steels, Stainless Steel 2205 Grade Data Sheet (revised 28/04/2021) — ASTM A240 composition for S31803 and S32205, mechanical properties, corrosion, heat treatment, welding.
  2. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group), 1.4462 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 data sheet — EN 10088-3 composition headline and properties, corrosion, temperature limits, welding.
  3. Euro Inox, Stainless Steel: Tables of Technical Properties (2nd edition, 2007) — EN 10088 composition limits and EN 10088-2 flat-product mechanical properties.
  4. Outokumpu: Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards — EN, ASTM, UNS, JIS and BS cross-reference; EN and ASTM minimum properties for flat products.
  5. Nose Stainless: steel types, composition and mechanical properties (JIS G 4303 reference sheet) — JIS G 4303 composition, heat treatment and mechanical properties for bar. Catalog reproducing the JIS values.
  6. Atlas Steels Technical Handbook of Stainless Steels (revised 12/08/2021) — Grade comparison (BS, EN, JIS), magnetic response and family characteristics. Distributor handbook quoting ASTM values.
  7. Aircraft Materials: cross-reference of stainless steel specifications — BS and EN numbers (EN56C, EN57, EN60, BS 318S13) against AISI grades. Trade reference.
  8. IMOA, Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels, 3rd edition (2014), Table 2
  9. Rolled Alloys, 2205 duplex stainless steel data — Service temperature about 316 °C, read by the independent checker

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.