Materials & grades
301 / 1.4310 / SUS301 austenitic stainless steel (S30100, X10CrNi18-8)
Type 301 is a lean 17Cr-7Ni austenitic stainless steel that work hardens very quickly, so cold-rolled strip and wire reach high strength for springs, rail cars and formed parts. It is UNS S30100 in the USA, X10CrNi18-8 (1.4310) in Europe, 301S21 in the UK and SUS301 in Japan.
Names by standard
What it is called in each region
| Region | System | Designation | قياسي | Match |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | AISI/ASTM | 301 | ASTM A240 (annealed); ASTM A666 (cold-worked tempers) | Same material |
| UNS | S30100 | — | Same material | |
| UK | BS (legacy) | 301S21Superseded British name, listed by Atlas, Outokumpu and DEW. It has no old EN number. | — | Equivalent |
| EU | EN 10027-1 name | X10CrNi18-8 | EN 10088-2; EN 10088-3 | Equivalent |
| EN 10027-2 number | 1.4310 | EN 10088-2; EN 10088-3 | Equivalent | |
| DIN (legacy) | 1.4310Superseded German standard. DEW still prints the DIN 17440 number beside the EN 10088 one. | DIN 17440 | Equivalent | |
| الهند | IS 6911 | X10Cr17Ni7IS 6911:1992 gives this grade the numerical symbol 301. Limits could not be checked against the standard, so it is shown as the nearest Indian grade. | IS 6911 (plate, sheet and strip) | Closest equivalent |
| Japan | JIS | SUS301 | JIS G 4303 (bar); JIS G 4304 / G 4305 (plate, sheet) | Equivalent |
On equivalence
- 301, 1.4310 and SUS301 are close but not identical. EN 10088 allows carbon from 0.05 % and nickel to 9.5 %, against 0.15 % maximum carbon and 6.0–8.0 % nickel in ASTM A240.
- EN 10088 sets a lower sulphur limit (0.015 %) than ASTM A240 and JIS (0.030 %). JIS has a phosphorus limit of 0.045 %; one source prints 0.0045, a typing error.
- The EN nitrogen limit for 1.4310 is ≤0.10 % in the 2014 editions of EN 10088-2 and EN 10088-3. The 2005 editions printed ≤0.11 %, which older tables still show.
- The Indian name X10Cr17Ni7 comes from the grade list in IS 6911:1992. Its limits could not be checked, so it is shown as the closest Indian grade; confirm against the edition named on the order.
- 301L (low carbon) and 301LN (nitrogen added; UNS S30153, 1.4318, SUS301L) are separate grades with better weld performance and ductility.
- 201 is a lower-nickel substitute for 301 in some uses (Nose Stainless).
Chemical composition
Composition limits, mass %
| Element | 301 (S30100)USA · ASTM A240 | X10CrNi18-8 (1.4310)EU · EN 10088-2 / EN 10088-3 | SUS301Japan · JIS G 4303 (bar) |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | ≤0.15 | 0.05–0.15 | ≤0.15 |
| Si | ≤1.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤1.00 |
| Mn | ≤2.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤2.00 |
| P | ≤0.045 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.045 |
| S | ≤0.030 | ≤0.015 | ≤0.030 |
| Cr | 16.0–18.0 | 16.0–19.0 | 16.00–18.00 |
| Ni | 6.0–8.0 | 6.0–9.5 | 6.00–8.00 |
| Mo | — | ≤0.80 | — |
| N | ≤0.10 | ≤0.10 | — |
Mechanical properties
Strength and hardness
| Condition | Tensile strength | Yield strength | Elongation | Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AnnealedSpecified minimums, plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240); hardness is a maximumASTM A240 values as published by Atlas Steels and ICAST | ≥515 MPa≥75 ksi | ≥205 MPa≥30 ksi | ≥40 % | ≤217 HB (≤95 HRB) |
| 1/4 hardSpecified minimums, strip; elongation in 50 mmAMS 5519 minimums as published by United Performance Metals | ≥862 MPa≥125 ksi | ≥517 MPa≥75 ksi | ≥25 % | — |
| 1/2 hardSpecified minimums, strip thicker than 0.015 in (0.38 mm)AMS 5519 minimums as published by United Performance Metals | ≥1034 MPa≥150 ksi | ≥758 MPa≥110 ksi | ≥18 % | — |
| 3/4 hardSpecified minimums, strip thicker than 0.015 in (0.38 mm)AMS 5519 minimums as published by United Performance Metals | ≥1207 MPa≥175 ksi | ≥931 MPa≥135 ksi | ≥12 % | — |
| Full hardSpecified minimums, strip thicker than 0.015 in (0.38 mm)AMS 5519 minimums as published by United Performance Metals | ≥1276 MPa≥185 ksi | ≥965 MPa≥140 ksi | ≥9 % | — |
| Solution treated (SUS301)Specified minimums per the JIS reference sheet; hardness is a maximumJIS reference sheet by Nose Stainless | ≥520 MPa≥75 ksi | ≥205 MPa≥30 ksi | ≥40 % | ≤207 HBW (≤95 HRBW) |
| Cold rolled strip, annealed (1.4310)Specified minimum yield and tensile range, strip up to 8 mmEN 10088-2 as tabulated by Roymech; Outokumpu quotes the same 250 and 600 MPa minimums | 600–950 MPa87–138 ksi | ≥250 MPa≥36 ksi | ≥40 % | — |
| Solution annealed bar (1.4310)Specified, bar up to 160 mm, longitudinal test; hardness is a maximumEN 10088-3 via DEW (Swiss Steel) datasheet 1.4310 | 500–750 MPa73–109 ksi | ≥195 MPa≥28 ksi | ≥40 % | ≤230 HB |
| Solution annealed bar (1.4310)Typical values, not minimumsDEW (Swiss Steel) datasheet 1.4310 | 710 MPa103 ksi | 400 MPa58 ksi | 45 % | — |
In practice
Behaviour, heat treatment and uses
Characteristics
- A lean version of 304 with high chromium and restricted nickel. The austenite is metastable and strengthens very rapidly under cold deformation (DEW).
- Cold work forms deformation martensite, so cold-worked 301 is noticeably magnetic.
- Cold-rolled tempers reach 1276 MPa minimum tensile strength (full hard) from a 515 MPa annealed grade.
- Used as a spring material up to about 300 °C (DEW).
- Corrosion resistance is good but lower than 304 because of the lower nickel, and it falls as cold work and strength increase.
- Moderate carbon (up to 0.15 %) makes it prone to sensitisation. Outokumpu rates 1.4310 as not resistant to intergranular corrosion in the delivered or the sensitised condition, and DEW advises limiting time at 450–850 °C.
- Weldable with or without filler (DEW suggests 308L-type filler, interpass temperature at most 200 °C), but welding cold-worked parts leaves a weld zone much weaker than the rest. Jacques Allemann advises against welding spring wire.
- Hard to machine because of low thermal conductivity and very high work hardening.
Heat treatment
- Solution annealing: 1000–1100 °C then rapid cooling in air or water (DEW); JIS gives 1010–1150 °C and Outokumpu 1050 ± 40 °C.
- Spring wire is tempered at about 250 °C (up to 400 °C at most) after forming to raise the elastic limit (Jacques Allemann).
- Hot forming: heat to 1150–1180 °C and forge between about 1200 and 900 °C, then air cool or quench in water (DEW).
- Cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Strength comes from cold work.
استخدامات نموذجية
- Springs and spring washers, including food-industry springs
- Rail cars, trailer bodies and transport structures
- Aircraft structural parts (AMS 5519 strip)
- Architectural trim, roof drainage and door frames
- Automotive trim and wheel covers
- Conveyor parts and cold-formed bolts and nuts
Stainless steels
Similar grades compared
| الدرجة | C % | Mn % | Cr % | Ni % | Tensile, first listed condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 301 / 1.4310 | ≤0.15 | ≤2.00 | 16.0–18.0 | 6.0–8.0 | ≥515 MPa |
| 201 / 1.4372 | ≤0.15 | 5.50–7.50 | 16.0–18.0 | 3.5–5.5 | ≥515 MPa |
| 303 / 1.4305 | ≤0.15 | ≤2.0 | 17.0–19.0 | 8.0–10.0 | 650 MPa |
| 304 / 1.4301 | ≤0.08 | ≤2.00 | 18.0–20.0 | 8.0–10.5 | ≥515 MPa |
| 304L / 1.4307 | ≤0.030 | ≤2.00 | 18.0–20.0 | 8.0–12.0 | ≥485 MPa |
| 309 / 309S | ≤0.08 | ≤2.00 | 22.0–24.0 | 12.0–15.0 | ≥515 MPa |
| 310 / 310S | ≤0.08 | ≤2.00 | 24.0–26.0 | 19.0–22.0 | ≥515 MPa |
| 316 / 1.4401 | ≤0.08 | ≤2.00 | 16.0–18.0 | 10.0–14.0 | ≥515 MPa |
| 316L | ≤0.030 | ≤2.00 | 16.0–18.0 | 10.0–14.0 | ≥485 MPa |
| 321 | ≤0.08 | ≤2.00 | 17.0–19.0 | 9.0–12.0 | ≥515 MPa |
Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.
أسئلة وأجوبة
Common questions
What is the difference between 301 and 304 stainless steel?
301 has less nickel (6.0–8.0 %) and chromium (16.0–18.0 %) than 304 (8.0–10.5 % nickel, 18.0–20.0 % chromium in current ASTM A240), and its austenite is less stable. It work hardens faster, reaching much higher strength in cold-rolled tempers, but its corrosion resistance and formability after hardening are lower.
What is the equivalent of 301 stainless steel?
UNS S30100 in the USA, X10CrNi18-8 (1.4310) in Europe, 301S21 in the UK and SUS301 in Japan. India's nearest grade is X10Cr17Ni7 from IS 6911.
Is 301 stainless steel magnetic?
Annealed 301 is largely non-magnetic, but cold work transforms part of the structure to martensite and makes it magnetic. Spring tempers are noticeably magnetic.
Can 301 be welded?
Yes, by standard fusion methods with or without a 308L-type filler. The weld zone of cold-worked 301 loses the strength gained from cold work, and its moderate carbon makes it prone to sensitisation, so 301L or 304L suits heavy welded parts.
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Related references
References
Sources
- Atlas Steels Product Reference Manual, Section 9: stainless steel properties and equivalent grades — ASTM A240 composition and annealed properties for 301; BS, EN, UNS, JIS cross-reference.
- Outokumpu: Steel grades, properties and global standards — Cross-reference, EN and ASTM minimum properties, annealing temperature and intergranular corrosion rating for 1.4310.
- DEW (Swiss Steel): datasheet 1.4310 X10CrNi18-8 — Composition headline, bar properties, heat treatment, forging, welding and machining.
- Jacques Allemann: tech sheet 1.4310 wire — EN 10088 wire composition (full element list) and tempering of spring wire.
- Roymech: BS EN 10088 stainless steels — EN 10088 composition and strip properties for 1.4310.
- Nose Stainless: steel types, composition and mechanical properties (JIS reference sheet) — SUS301 composition and solution-treated properties.
- United Performance Metals: Alloy 301 FH datasheet (AMS 5519) — Annealed and cold-worked temper minimums, applications.
- ICAST: ASTM A240 UNS S30100 — Secondary check of the A240 composition and minimums.
- Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 6911:1992 Stainless steel plate, sheet and strip (Public.Resource.Org copy) — Grade list with numerical symbol 301 for X10Cr17Ni7.
Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.