Materials & grades
416 stainless steel: S41600, 1.4005 (X12CrS13) and SUS416 free-machining martensitic
416 is the free-machining version of 410 martensitic stainless steel, with about 13 % chromium and added sulphur so that it machines fast and can still be hardened. It is UNS S41600, 1.4005 (X12CrS13) in Europe and SUS416 in Japan.
Names by standard
What it is called in each region
| Region | System | Designation | Standard | Match |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | AISI/ASTM | 416Ugitech lists A314, A473, A484, A581, A582 and F899 for its 416. A related selenium grade, 416Se (S41623), is a separate designation. | ASTM A582 (free-machining bar); ASTM A314; ASTM A581 (wire) | Same material |
| UNS | S41600 | — | Same material | |
| UK | BS 970-3 (1991) | 416S21Outokumpu, DEW and Atlas all give 416S21 for 416. Stainless grades are no longer in BS 970; new orders use EN 10088-3. The name is still used on drawings. | BS 970-3 | Equivalent |
| BS 970 (1955 EN series) | EN56AMSuperseded 1955 name; Aircraft Materials lists EN56AM, EN56BM and EN56CM against 416S21. Sources vary. | — | Closest equivalent | |
| EU | EN 10027-1 name | X12CrS13Carbon 0.08–0.15 %, chromium 12.00–14.00 %, sulphur 0.15–0.35 %. | EN 10088-1; EN 10088-3 | Equivalent |
| EN 10027-2 number | 1.4005Material number of X12CrS13. | EN 10088-1; EN 10088-3 | Equivalent | |
| DIN 17440 (legacy) | 1.4005 / X12CrS13Superseded German standard. The number carried over into EN 10088. | DIN 17440 | Equivalent | |
| India | IS 1570 (Part 5) | X12Cr12 (free-cutting variety)IS 1570 (Part 5) has no separate free-machining 12 % chromium number. A footnote allows free-cutting varieties of its first four 12–13 % chromium grades, with sulphur and selenium agreed between buyer and maker. | IS 1570 (Part 5):1985 | Closest equivalent |
| Japan | JIS G 4303 | SUS416Chromium 12.00–14.00 %, manganese up to 1.25 %, phosphorus up to 0.060 %. | JIS G 4303 (bar) | Equivalent |
On equivalence
- 416 is 410 with added sulphur. Chemistry otherwise follows 410 (X12Cr13 / SUS410), so the two share a hardening range but not corrosion resistance or weldability.
- UNS S41600 and EN 1.4005 are the same grade in practice. EN 10088-3 sets carbon at 0.08–0.15 %; Ugitech quotes a production range down to 0.06 %.
- Sources differ on 416S29: Atlas lists it against the free-machining 420F (S42020) and 416S21 against 416, while Aircraft Materials lists 416S29, 416S37 and 416S41 under 416. 416S21 is the name all sources pair with 416.
- IS 1570 (Part 5) has no separate 416 number. Its footnote lets the buyer agree sulphur or selenium content with the maker for the free-cutting varieties of its first four 12–13 % chromium grades.
- 416Se (UNS S41623, BS 416S41) is a separate selenium free-machining variant, listed by Atlas.
- Sulphur is a minimum, not a maximum, in a free-machining steel. Ugitech and DEW give 0.15 % minimum; a distributor sheet (Upmet) and the Nose JIS catalog print the figure as a maximum, which is not used here. The JIS row therefore omits sulphur.
- Typical tensile strength in the hardened and tempered (Condition T) state varies by maker and tempering: Ugitech gives 890–1035 MPa, AZoM and North American Stainless about 758 MPa.
Chemical composition
Composition limits, mass %
| Element | 416 (S41600)USA · ASTM A582 / A581 (as given by Ugitech) | X12CrS13 (1.4005)EU · EN 10088-3 | SUS416Japan · JIS G 4303 |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | ≤0.15 | 0.08–0.15 | ≤0.15 |
| Si | ≤1.00 | ≤1.00 | ≤1.00 |
| Mn | ≤1.25 | ≤1.50 | ≤1.25 |
| P | ≤0.060 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.060 |
| S | ≥0.15 | 0.15–0.35 | — |
| Cr | 12.00–14.00 | 12.00–14.00 | 12.00–14.00 |
| Mo | ≤0.60 | ≤0.60 | ≤0.60 |
| Cu | ≤0.50 | — | — |
Mechanical properties
Strength and hardness
| Condition | Tensile strength | Yield strength | Elongation | Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annealed, cold drawn bar up to 1 in (25 mm)Typical values, not minimums; reduction of area 40 % minimum quotedUgitech (Swiss Steel USA) 416 datasheet | 620–830 MPa90–120 ksi | 550–725 MPa80–105 ksi | ≥10 % | 190–240 HB |
| Hardened and tempered, condition TTypical values, all sizes; reduction of area 40 % minimum quotedUgitech (Swiss Steel USA) 416 datasheet | 890–1035 MPa129–150 ksi | 760–895 MPa110–130 ksi | ≥5 % | 27–31 HRC (264–294 HB) |
| Annealed (+A), EN 10088-3Specified, bar; tensile strength and hardness are maximumsEN 10088-3 as given by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke | ≤730 MPa≤106 ksi | — | — | ≤220 HB |
| Hardened and tempered (QT650), EN 10088-3Specified, bar up to 160 mmEN 10088-3 as given by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (typical: 710 MPa tensile, 480 MPa yield, 14 % elongation) | 650–850 MPa94–123 ksi | ≥450 MPa≥65 ksi | ≥12 % | — |
| Annealed (JIS SUS416)Specified, bar; hardness is a maximumJIS G 4303 as given by Nose Stainless | — | — | — | ≤200 HBW (≤93 HRBW) |
| Hardened and tempered (JIS SUS416)Specified minimums, bar; reduction of area ≥45 %JIS G 4303 as given by Nose Stainless | ≥540 MPa≥78 ksi | ≥345 MPa≥50 ksi | ≥17 % | ≥159 HBW (≥84 HRBW) |
In practice
Behaviour, heat treatment and uses
Characteristics
- Free-machining. Sulphur forms manganese sulphide inclusions that break the chip and lubricate the cut. DEW describes 1.4005 as 1.4006 (410) with sulphur added in controlled amounts for automated machining.
- Hardenable martensitic grade, magnetic in all conditions. Ugitech gives a maximum as-quenched hardness of about 41–43 HRC.
- Corrosion resistance is low. DEW calls 1.4005 probably the least corrosion-resistant of all the stainless grades, because the sulphur encourages pitting and crevice attack. Ugitech rates it for fresh water, steam, soaps, solvents, organic acids and many petroleum products, and restricts it in saline mist, sea water and acids.
- The optimum condition for both machinability and corrosion resistance is the heat-treated condition T, 26–32 HRC (Ugitech).
- Welding is discouraged, especially autogenous welding (DEW). Atlas does not recommend 416 for welding or for brazing.
- Not a forging grade, though it can be forged if necessary. Hot work between about 950 and 1180 °C and cool slowly (Ugitech).
- Scaling limit in dry air about 675 °C continuous and 760 °C intermittent (Atlas, from ASM data). Avoid long exposure between about 425 and 525 °C because of 475 °C embrittlement (DEW).
Heat treatment
- Full anneal: 900 °C, then slow cooling in the furnace (Ugitech). DEW gives 745–825 °C with furnace cooling for the delivered annealed condition.
- Sub-critical anneal: 650–760 °C, then air cooling (Ugitech).
- Hardening: about 950 °C (Ugitech) or 950–1000 °C (DEW), then air or oil quench. Use oil for larger sections; air quenching small sections can lower hardness by one or two Rockwell points.
- Tempering: 680–780 °C gives the QT650 condition (DEW). Avoid tempering between about 400 and 600 °C, which lowers corrosion resistance and impact strength (Ugitech).
- Stress relief: hold 10–40 °C below the tempering temperature for 4–7 hours, then slow cool; for annealed parts use 595 °C for 4–7 hours (Ugitech).
- Passivation (when required): 20–50 % nitric acid plus 2–6 % sodium dichromate at 20–50 °C for 25–40 minutes (Ugitech, Atlas).
Typical uses
- Screw-machine parts and high-volume automatic turning
- Shafts, gears, pumps and valve parts
- Fasteners and fittings
- Automotive, petrochemical and electronic equipment parts
Stainless steels
Similar grades compared
| Grade | C % | Mn % | Cr % | Ni % | Tensile, first listed condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 416 / 1.4005 | ≤0.15 | ≤1.25 | 12.00–14.00 | — | 620–830 MPa |
| 410 / 1.4006 | 0.08–0.15 | ≤1.00 | 11.5–13.5 | ≤0.75 | ≥480 MPa |
| 420 / 1.4021 | ≥0.15 | ≤1.00 | 12.0–14.0 | ≤1.0 | 655 MPa |
| 431 / 1.4057 | ≤0.20 | ≤1.00 | 15.0–17.0 | 1.25–2.50 | 862 MPa |
| 440C / 1.4125 | 0.95–1.20 | ≤1.00 | 16.0–18.0 | — | 1965 MPa |
| 201 / 1.4372 | ≤0.15 | 5.50–7.50 | 16.0–18.0 | 3.5–5.5 | ≥515 MPa |
| 301 / 1.4310 | ≤0.15 | ≤2.00 | 16.0–18.0 | 6.0–8.0 | ≥515 MPa |
| 303 / 1.4305 | ≤0.15 | ≤2.0 | 17.0–19.0 | 8.0–10.0 | 650 MPa |
| 304 / 1.4301 | ≤0.08 | ≤2.00 | 18.0–20.0 | 8.0–10.5 | ≥515 MPa |
| 304L / 1.4307 | ≤0.030 | ≤2.00 | 18.0–20.0 | 8.0–12.0 | ≥485 MPa |
Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.
Questions answered
Common questions
What is the equivalent of 416 stainless steel?
1.4005 (X12CrS13) in Europe, SUS416 in Japan and 416S21 in the withdrawn British BS 970. The UNS number is S41600. India has no separate IS number; IS 1570 (Part 5) allows free-cutting versions of its 12 % chromium grade, with sulphur agreed with the maker.
What is the difference between 416 and 410 stainless steel?
416 has sulphur added (0.15 % minimum) for machinability, with the same 12–14 % chromium. It machines much faster, but its corrosion resistance and weldability are lower than those of 410. Both harden by heat treatment and are magnetic.
What is the difference between 416 and 303 stainless steel?
Both are free-machining stainless steels made by adding sulphur. 303 is austenitic, so it does not harden by heat treatment, while 416 is martensitic, magnetic in all conditions and hardens by heat treatment. Choose 416 when the part needs hardness or strength after machining.
Is 416 stainless steel weldable?
Not normally. The high sulphur content makes welding difficult, and DEW discourages it except for friction welding. If welding cannot be avoided, DEW suggests 1.4833 filler and tempering at about 650 °C afterwards. Atlas does not recommend 416 for welding.
What hardness does 416 stainless steel reach?
As quenched it reaches about 41–43 HRC (Ugitech). The usual supply condition, condition T, is 26–32 HRC with about 890–1035 MPa tensile strength. It is tempered to that level after hardening so that machining and corrosion resistance are at their best.
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Related references
References
Sources
- Ugitech (Swiss Steel USA), 416 technical datasheet — Typical analysis, annealed and condition T properties, heat treatment, corrosion, welding.
- Ugitech / Swiss Steel: main stainless steel grades for bar products — UGI 4005: EN, UNS, JIS and AISI names; production analysis range.
- Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group), 1.4005 X12CrS13 data sheet — EN 10088-3 composition headline, BS, JIS, DIN names, mechanical properties, heat treatment, welding.
- Outokumpu: Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards — EN, ASTM, UNS, JIS and BS cross-reference.
- Nose Stainless: steel types, composition and mechanical properties (JIS G 4303 reference sheet) — JIS G 4303 composition, heat treatment and mechanical properties for bar. Catalog reproducing the JIS values.
- Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1570 (Part 5):1985 Schedules for wrought steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels (Public.Resource.Org copy) — Scanned copy; the text layer is rough, so figures were read against the table layout.
- Atlas Steels Technical Handbook of Stainless Steels (revised 12/08/2021) — Grade comparison (UNS, BS, EN, SS, JIS) and family characteristics. Distributor handbook.
- United Performance Metals, 416 stainless plate datasheet — Distributor sheet; prints sulphur as a maximum, which conflicts with the mill sheets.
- Aircraft Materials: cross-reference of stainless steel specifications — BS, EN, UNS, AMS and ASTM listings per grade. Trade reference.
- Jacques Allemann, 1.4005 wire data sheet (EN 10088-1 chemical analysis) — EN 10088-1 analysis for 1.4005: Si ≤1.00, Mn ≤1.50, P 0.040 maximum, S 0.15–0.35. Used for the Si and P limits.
- Tachart: X12CrS13 / 1.4005 composition and equivalents — Trade table; agrees on Si ≤1.00, Mn ≤1.50, P ≤0.04, S 0.15 minimum and lists 416S21 and SUS416.
- AZoM: Stainless Steel Grade 416 (UNS S41600) — Independent check of sulphur minimum, scaling limits, heat treatment ranges and BS 416S21 / EN 1.4005 equivalents.
Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.