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Resources/Materials & grades/D2 / 1.2379

Materials & grades

D2 / 1.2379 / SKD11 cold-work tool steel: X153CrMoV12, BD2 and the old DIN name X155CrVMo12-1

D2 is a high-carbon, 12 % chromium cold-work tool steel that is hardened to about 58–62 HRC for dies, punches, shear blades and thread-rolling tools. In Europe it is X153CrMoV12 (1.2379), in the UK BD2, in India X153CrMoV12 under IS 3748 and in Japan the nearest names are SKD11 and SKD10.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignationNormaMatch
USAAISI / ASTM A681 typeD2ASTM A681Same material
UNST30402—Same material
UKBS EN ISO 4957X153CrMoV12British adoption of the European tool-steel standard.BS EN ISO 4957Equivalent
BS 4659BD2Superseded British name for D2, still searched. Listed against 1.2379 by Oberste-Beulmann and against D2 by Total Materia.BS 4659:1971Equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 nameX153CrMoV12Carbon 1.45–1.60 %, chromium 11.00–13.00 %, molybdenum and vanadium 0.70–1.00 % each.EN ISO 4957Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.2379Material number of X153CrMoV12. Böhler sells it as K110, Dörrenberg as 1.2379 (CPPU).EN ISO 4957Equivalent
DIN (legacy)X155CrVMo12-1Superseded German name for 1.2379, still common on older drawings and in the UNI listing X155CrVMo121KU.—Equivalent
ÍndiaIS 3748X153CrMoV12IS 3748:2022 is an identical adoption of ISO 4957:2018 and replaced IS 3748:1990 and IS 7291:1980. Older Indian tool-steel designations were not verified.IS 3748:2022Equivalent
JapanJIS G 4404SKD11The name usually given for D2. It has less vanadium (0.20–0.50 %) and slightly more molybdenum (0.80–1.20 %) than X153CrMoV12.JIS G 4404Closest equivalent
JIS G 4404SKD10Composition limits match X153CrMoV12 (1.45–1.60 % C, 0.70–1.00 % Mo and V). Less often quoted than SKD11.JIS G 4404:2025Closest equivalent

On equivalence

  • ASTM D2, EN X153CrMoV12 and IS X153CrMoV12 are close but not identical. ASTM A681 allows 0.50–1.10 % vanadium and 0.70–1.20 % molybdenum; EN ISO 4957 narrows both (0.70–1.00 % V, 0.70–1.00 % Mo) and sets 1.45–1.60 % carbon against 1.40–1.60 %.
  • SKD11 is the name most Japanese and Asian price lists use for D2, but its vanadium (0.20–0.50 %) is well below D2. SKD10 has the same composition limits as X153CrMoV12. Daido sells its DC11 as an SKD11 grade with an annealed hardness of 255 HB or less.
  • DIN X155CrVMo12-1 is the superseded German name. DIN 1.2601 (X165CrMoV12) and the French name X160CrMoV12 (Z160CDV12) appear in some cross-reference tables beside D2 but are separate grades.
  • No verified pre-2022 Indian designation for D2 was found. IS 3748:2022 is an identical adoption of ISO 4957:2018, so the current Indian name is the European one.
  • Mill brand names (Böhler K110, Dörrenberg 1.2379 CPPU, Daido DC11) tune the analysis inside the limits. Their datasheet hardness figures are typical, not specified.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

ElementD2 (T30402)USA · ASTM A681-08 (includes product analysis tolerances)X153CrMoV12 (1.2379)EU · EN ISO 4957 (limits as printed by thyssenkrupp, 2001 edition)X153CrMoV12Índia · IS 3748:2022 (identical to ISO 4957:2018)SKD11Japan · JIS G 4404:2025SKD10Japan · JIS G 4404:2025
C1.40–1.601.45–1.601.45–1.601.40–1.601.45–1.60
Si0.10–0.600.10–0.600.10–0.60≤0.400.10–0.60
Mn0.10–0.600.20–0.600.20–0.60≤0.600.20–0.60
P≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030
S≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030≤0.030
Cr11.00–13.0011.00–13.0011.00–13.0011.00–13.0011.00–13.00
Mo0.70–1.200.70–1.000.70–1.000.80–1.200.70–1.00
V0.50–1.100.70–1.000.70–1.000.20–0.500.70–1.00
Ni+Cu≤0.75————

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
Annealed (ASTM A681)Specified maximum; cold-drawn bar may be up to 269 HBASTM A681-08, Table 2———≤255 HB
Annealed (EN ISO 4957 / JIS G 4404)Specified maximum, soft annealed (+A)EN ISO 4957 as printed by thyssenkrupp and Dörrenberg; JIS G 4404:2025 (SKD11, SKD10: 255 HBW)———≤255 HB
Hardened and tempered, response test (ASTM A681)Specified minimum after austenitizing at 996–1010 °C (1825–1850 °F), air quench, one 2-hour temper at 204 °C (400 °F)ASTM A681-08, Table 3———≥59 HRC
Hardened and tempered at about 200 °CTypical, hardened 1000–1070 °C, 20 mm section; mills differ by about 2 HRCBöhler K110 tempering chart (about 59 HRC after hardening at 1070 °C); Oberste-Beulmann 1.2379 (61 HRC)———≈59–61 HRC
Hardened and tempered at 300–400 °CTypical, low point of the tempering curveBöhler K110 chart; Oberste-Beulmann 1.2379———≈58 HRC
Secondary-hardening temper, about 500–525 °CTypical, after high-temperature hardening at 1030–1070 °C; peak read from the Böhler chartBöhler K110 chart; Daido DC11 data sheet (DC11 tempered 500–550 °C gives 56–58 HRC)———≈62 HRC at the peak, about 56–58 HRC for the usual 500–550 °C temper
Working hardnessTypical, by application: trimming dies and forming rolls about 58–63 HRC, precision gauges 60–65 HRC, shearing blades 50–65 HRCDaido DC11 data sheet (applications table)———≈58–62 HRC

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • Ledeburitic 12 % chromium steel: about 1.5 % carbon and a high volume of hard chromium carbides give very high resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear (Dörrenberg).
  • Toughness is rated good for a 12 % chromium steel. Crucible's comparison puts a Charpy C-notch value of about 21 ft-lb (28 J) at 60 HRC, lower than A2 (40 ft-lb) or O1 (30 ft-lb).
  • Dimensional stability in heat treatment is good (Böhler K110). It is also an air-hardening steel, and Böhler advises air hardening for intricate tools or sharp edges.
  • A pronounced secondary hardness maximum near 500–525 °C makes it suitable for PVD or CVD coating and, after special treatment, nitriding (Böhler, Dörrenberg).
  • Compressive strength is high. Density is about 7.7 g/cm³ and thermal conductivity about 17 W/(m·K) at 20 °C (Dörrenberg, thyssenkrupp).
  • Ferromagnetic in the annealed state (thyssenkrupp data sheet).

Heat treatment

  • Soft annealing: about 800–850 °C (1470–1560 °F), furnace cool at 10–20 °C per hour to about 600 °C, then air. Mills quote 800–850 °C (Böhler), 820–850 °C (Dörrenberg) and 830–860 °C (thyssenkrupp).
  • Stress relieving after heavy machining: about 650–700 °C (1200–1290 °F), 1–2 hours, furnace cool (Böhler).
  • Hardening: about 1000–1030 °C (1830–1885 °F) with a low temper below 300 °C, or 1040–1080 °C (1905–1975 °F) with a temper above 480 °C for secondary hardening (Dörrenberg). Böhler gives 1030–1070 °C and Daido 1000–1050 °C. Hold 15–30 minutes after temperature equalization.
  • Quench: air, pressure gas, oil or a hot bath at 500–550 °C (a 220–250 °C bath is also quoted by Böhler). The softest quench that reaches full hardness limits distortion.
  • Tempering: heat slowly right after hardening, about 1 hour per 20 mm of section and at least 2 hours. Temper at least three times above the secondary hardness maximum. Cool in air between tempers (Böhler).
  • Stress-relief temper: 30–50 °C below the highest tempering temperature used (Böhler).

Usos típicos

  • Blanking, piercing and punching dies for sheet
  • Thread-rolling dies and flat-rolling tools
  • Shear blades and slitter knives
  • Cold-forming, cold-extrusion and coining dies
  • Trimming dies, bending and deep-drawing tools
  • Gauges and wear parts
  • Moulds for abrasive plastics

Tool steels

Similar grades compared

GrauC %Mn %Cr %Ni %Tensile, first listed condition
D2 / 1.23791.40–1.600.10–0.6011.00–13.00——
A2 / 1.23630.95–1.050.40–1.004.75–5.50——
D3 / 1.20802.00–2.350.10–0.6011.00–13.50——
O1 / 1.25100.85–1.001.00–1.400.40–0.70——
S70.45–0.550.20–0.903.00–3.50——
H11 / 1.23430.33–0.430.20–0.504.75–5.50—1790–1845 MPa
H13 / 1.23440.32–0.450.20–0.604.75–5.50—1730–1845 MPa
M2 / HS6-5-2C0.78–0.880.15–0.403.75–4.50—≤950 MPa
M42 / HS2-9-1-81.05–1.150.15–0.403.50–4.25—≤1010 MPa
P20 / 1.23110.28–0.400.60–1.001.40–2.000.90–1.20950–1100 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

Perguntas respondidas

Common questions

What is the equivalent of D2 tool steel?

In Europe it is X153CrMoV12 (1.2379), in the UK the old name is BD2, and in India IS 3748 uses the European name. In Japan SKD11 is the usual match and SKD10 is the composition match. All are close equivalents, not identical.

What is the difference between D2 and SKD11?

SKD11 has 0.20–0.50 % vanadium against 0.50–1.10 % in ASTM D2 and 0.70–1.00 % in X153CrMoV12. Its molybdenum is 0.80–1.20 %. In practice the two are used interchangeably for dies, but SKD11 has fewer vanadium carbides.

What hardness does D2 reach?

D2 is commonly used at 58–62 HRC. ASTM A681 requires at least 59 HRC after air hardening from about 1000 °C and one temper at 204 °C, and mill curves show about 62 HRC after a 500–525 °C secondary-hardening temper.

Is D2 tougher than A2?

No. Crucible's Charpy C-notch comparison at 60 HRC gives about 21 ft-lb (28 J) for D2 and 40 ft-lb (53 J) for A2. D2 wears better but chips more easily at sharp edges.

Can D2 be coated or nitrided?

Yes. Its secondary hardness peak near 500 °C lets it hold hardness through PVD or CVD coating temperatures. Böhler and Dörrenberg recommend a higher hardening temperature (about 1040–1080 °C) before coating or nitriding.

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D3 / 1.2080D3 is a 2 % carbon, 12 % chromium cold-work tool steel that is oil hardened to about 60–64 HRC for blanking dies, thread-rolling dies and wear parts.A2 / 1.2363A2 is an air-hardening 5 % chromium cold-work tool steel with about 1 % carbon, hardened to about 57–63 HRC for punches, dies and gauges that need good dimensional stability.O1 / 1.2510O1 is an oil-hardening manganese–chromium–tungsten tool steel with about 0.9–1.0 % carbon, hardened to about 58–64 HRC for cutting tools, gauges and general-purpose dies.S7S7 is an air-hardening shock-resisting tool steel with about 0.5 % carbon, 3.25 % chromium and 1.4 % molybdenum that keeps high toughness at about 55–60 HRC, used for chisels, punches, heading dies and shear blades.H13 / 1.2344H13 is the standard 5 % chromium hot-work tool steel, used for die-casting dies, forging dies and extrusion tooling that see repeated heating and cooling.M2 / HS6-5-2CM2 is the most widely used molybdenum high-speed steel, with about 0.85–0.9 % carbon, 6 % tungsten, 5 % molybdenum, 4 % chromium and 2 % vanadium.AnnealingAnnealing heats steel to a set temperature, holds it and cools it slowly to make it softer, more ductile and easier to machine or cold form.Quenching and temperingQuenching and tempering hardens steel by cooling it rapidly from the austenite range to form martensite, then reheats it below Ac1 to trade some hardness for toughness.JIS steel designationsJapanese JIS steel symbols start with S for steel and add letters for the steel family or its use, but the number means different things in different standards.EN 10027 names and numbersEuropean steels carry two identifiers under EN 10027: a steel name (Part 1) such as S235JR, C45 or 42CrMo4 that describes the steel's use or chemistry, and a material number (Part 2) such as 1.0503 or 1.7225.BS 970 and the EN seriesBS 970 names steels with a six-character code such as 080M40, in which the first three digits give the steel type, the letter says how the steel is specified and the last two digits give the carbon content.

References

Sources

  1. ASTM A681-08 Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy (copy hosted by Fushun Special Steel) — Table 1 composition, Table 2 annealed hardness, Table 3 response to hardening. 2008 edition; check the current revision.
  2. BIS: IS 3748:2022 Tool Steels, Specification (Standard of the Week) — States that IS 3748:2022 is an identical adoption of ISO 4957 and merges IS 3748:1990 and IS 7291:1980.
  3. Böhler K110 data sheet (voestalpine) — 1.2379 / X153CrMoV12 / ~T30402 / D2; annealed 250 HB max; hardening 1030–1070 °C; tempering chart.
  4. Dörrenberg Edelstahl: 1.2379 data sheet — Annealing, hardening routes, properties.
  5. thyssenkrupp Materials Services: X153CrMoV12 / 1.2379 Werkstoffdatenblatt — EN ISO 4957 composition limits (2001 edition) and annealed hardness.
  6. Oberste-Beulmann: 1.2379 technical data sheet — Lists BS BD 2, AISI D2, UNI X155CrVMo121KU; tempering hardness table.
  7. Daido Steel: DC11 data sheet — DC11 applicable JIS SKD11: composition limits, 255 HB annealed, tempering and application hardness.
  8. JIS G 4404:2025 SKD11 values (Sekidou Kouhan steel table) — Composition and 255 HBW annealed limit as tabulated from JIS G 4404:2025.
  9. JIS G 4404:2025 SKD10 values (Sekidou Kouhan steel table)
  10. Total Materia: IS X153CrMoV12 (IS 3748:2022) — Indian listing; C, Cr and Mn ranges visible.
  11. Total Materia: JIS SKD 11 (G 4404) — Lists BD 2, A681 Type D2, DIN 1.2379 among equivalents.
  12. Crucible S7 data sheet (impact and wear comparison with D2, A2, O1) — Charpy C-notch comparison at 60 HRC.
  13. JISF committee document: JIS G 4404 revision (composition and annealed hardness tables, basis of the 2022 edition) — Independent check of the SKD11 and SKD10 limits and annealed hardness; Annex A pairs SKD10 with X153CrMoV12 and SKD11 with no ISO grade.
  14. SIJ Metal Ravne: SIHARD 2379 (D2) data sheet — Independent check: annealed 255 HB max; tempering 63 HRC at 100 °C, 61 at 200, 58 at 300–400, 59 at 500, 56 at 550.
  15. Niagara Specialty Metals: D-2 data sheet — Independent check: Charpy C-notch 21 ft-lb at 60 HRC; tempering 61 HRC at 205 °C, 58 at 370–480.
  16. Zknives: AISI D2 equivalents — Cross-reference list including BS BD2 and JIS SKD11.

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.