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Resources/Materials & grades/321

Materials & grades

321 stainless steel: equivalents 1.4541 (X6CrNiTi18-10), SUS321 and 321S31

321 is a titanium-stabilised 18/8 austenitic stainless steel that resists intergranular corrosion after heating in the 425–850 °C range. Its counterparts are 1.4541 (X6CrNiTi18-10) in Europe, 321S31 in the UK, X04Cr18Ni10Ti in India and SUS321 in Japan.

Names by standard

What it is called in each region

RegionSystemDesignationNormaMatch
USAAISI/ASTM321ASTM A240 (plate, sheet, strip); A276 (bar); A312 (pipe)Same material
UNSS32100—Same material
UNSS32109321H: higher carbon (0.04–0.10 %) for better creep strength, with Ti 4(C+N).—Closest equivalent
UKBS (withdrawn)321S31Withdrawn British name; listed against S32100 and 1.4541 by Atlas.—Equivalent
BS 970 (1955 EN series)EN58B / EN58CSuperseded 1955 names that Atlas lists alongside 321S31 and Roymech pairs with BS 970 321S12 (C ≤0.08 %) and 321S20 (C ≤0.12 %). Treat as approximate.—Closest equivalent
EUEN 10027-1 nameX6CrNiTi18-10Titanium 5×C to 0.70 % against 5×(C+N) to 0.70 % in ASTM A240.EN 10088-2; EN 10088-3Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.4541Material number of X6CrNiTi18-10.EN 10088-2; EN 10088-3Equivalent
EN 10027-2 number1.4878X8CrNiTi18-10, the higher-carbon 321H type.EN 10095Closest equivalent
ÍndiaIS 1570 (Part 5)X04Cr18Ni10TiTitanium 5×C minimum, 0.80 % maximum as read from the standard.IS 1570 (Part 5):1985Equivalent
JapanJIS G 4303 / G 4304 / G 4305SUS321Nickel 9.00–13.00 % against 9.0–12.0 % in ASTM A240.JIS G 4303 (bar); JIS G 4304 / G 4305 (plate, sheet)Equivalent
JIS G 3459 / G 3463SUS321HHigher-carbon heat-resisting type, listed against 321H by Atlas. SUS321H is listed in JIS G 3459 and G 3463 (pipe and tube), not in the bar and plate standards G 4303 to G 4305.—Closest equivalent

On equivalence

  • 1.4541 (X6CrNiTi18-10) is the standard European counterpart. EN fixes titanium at 5×C to 0.70 %, while ASTM A240 sets it at 5×(C+N) to 0.70 %, so the two can differ slightly when nitrogen is high.
  • SUS321 allows up to 13.00 % nickel against 12.0 % in ASTM A240, and lists titanium only as 5×C minimum.
  • Indian X04Cr18Ni10Ti has a titanium range of 5×C to 0.80 % as read from IS 1570 Part 5; the scanned standard is hard to read, so confirm against the original.
  • EN58B and EN58C are 1955 British names that Atlas lists with 321S31. Roymech pairs them with the BS 970 grades 321S12 (C ≤0.08 %) and 321S20 (C ≤0.12 %), so the closest modern match is approximate.
  • 321H (S32109, 1.4878, SUS321H) has higher carbon for creep strength and is treated as a separate, closest match. Plate is commonly dual-certified 321 and 321H.

Chemical composition

Composition limits, mass %

Element321 (S32100)USA · ASTM A240X6CrNiTi18-10 (1.4541)EU · EN 10088-2 / EN 10088-3 (heat analysis)X04Cr18Ni10TiÍndia · IS 1570 (Part 5):1985SUS321Japan · JIS G 4303 (bar)
C≤0.08≤0.08≤0.08≤0.08
Si≤0.75≤1.00≤1.0≤1.00
Mn≤2.00≤2.00≤2.0≤2.00
P≤0.045≤0.045≤0.045≤0.045
S≤0.030≤0.015≤0.030≤0.030
Cr17.0–19.017.00–19.0017.0–19.017.00–19.00
Ni9.0–12.09.00–12.009.0–12.09.00–13.00
N≤0.10———
Ti5×(C+N)–0.705×C–0.705×C–0.80≥5×C

Mechanical properties

Strength and hardness

ConditionTensile strengthYield strengthElongationHardness
AnnealedSpecified minimums, plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240); hardness is a maximumASTM A240, via Atlas Steels 321 data sheet and Section 9≥515 MPa≥75 ksi≥205 MPa≥30 ksi≥40 %≤217 HB (≤95 HRB)
Solution annealed (+AT)Specified, bar and sections up to 160 mm, longitudinal testEN 10088-3, via thyssenkrupp Materials (UK) datasheet 1.4541500–700 MPa73–102 ksi≥190 MPa≥28 ksi≥40 %—
Solution annealed (+AT)Specified, hot rolled plate up to 75 mm, transverse testEN 10088-2, via thyssenkrupp Materials (UK) datasheet 1.4541500–700 MPa73–102 ksi≥200 MPa≥29 ksi≥40 %—
Solution annealed (+AT)Specified, cold rolled strip up to 8 mm, transverse testEN 10088-2, via thyssenkrupp Materials (UK) datasheet 1.4541520–720 MPa75–104 ksi≥220 MPa≥32 ksi≥40 %—
Solution treatedSpecified, bar; hardness is a maximumJIS G 4303, via Nose Stainless reference sheet≥520 MPa≥75 ksi≥205 MPa≥30 ksi≥40 %≤187 HBW
Annealed bars (X04Cr18Ni10Ti)Specified minimumsIS 1570 (Part 5):1985, Table 3≥517 MPa≥75 ksi≥207 MPa≥30 ksi≥40 %—
Annealed sheetTypical, not a minimumAperam 310S datasheet, comparison table620 MPa90 ksi290 MPa42 ksi52 %—

In practice

Behaviour, heat treatment and uses

Characteristics

  • Titanium ties up carbon as titanium carbide, so the grade is not sensitive to intergranular corrosion after heating in the 425–850 °C carbide-precipitation range (Atlas).
  • Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 900 °C and continuous service to 925 °C; Atlas calls it the grade of choice up to about 900 °C where aqueous corrosion resistance is needed afterwards.
  • In the annealed condition its corrosion resistance equals 304. It is subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chlorides and to stress corrosion cracking above about 50 °C (Atlas).
  • Excellent weldability with or without filler and no post-weld anneal. Titanium does not transfer across a welding arc, so 347 (niobium-stabilised) is the standard filler (Atlas).
  • Does not polish well, so Atlas does not recommend it for decorative work.
  • 304L is usually preferred if only intergranular-corrosion resistance after welding is needed, but 304L has lower hot strength and is a poor choice above about 500 °C (Atlas).
  • Austenitic and non-hardenable by heat treatment. Toughness stays high to cryogenic temperatures.

Heat treatment

  • Solution annealing: Atlas gives 950–1120 °C (1740–2050 °F); EN guidance is 1000–1100 °C (1830–2010 °F); JIS gives 920–1150 °C (1690–2100 °F). Cool rapidly in water or air.
  • Stabilising treatment (optional, after solution annealing): about 870–890 °C (1600–1635 °F) for 2 hours per 25 mm of thickness, then air cool. Atlas recommends it for severe service above 425 °C; the exact treatment should be agreed between supplier and purchaser.
  • Stress relief: about 700 °C (1290 °F) for 1–2 hours, then air cool (Atlas).
  • Hot forming: 1150–850 °C (2100–1560 °F), then air cool (thyssenkrupp).

Usos típicos

  • Expansion joints and bellows
  • Furnace parts and heating-element tubing
  • Heat exchangers and high-temperature screens
  • Burner pipes and exhaust or flue sections
  • Power-station construction parts and food-industry equipment

Stainless steels

Similar grades compared

GrauC %Mn %Cr %Ni %Tensile, first listed condition
321≤0.08≤2.0017.0–19.09.0–12.0≥515 MPa
201 / 1.4372≤0.155.50–7.5016.0–18.03.5–5.5≥515 MPa
301 / 1.4310≤0.15≤2.0016.0–18.06.0–8.0≥515 MPa
303 / 1.4305≤0.15≤2.017.0–19.08.0–10.0650 MPa
304 / 1.4301≤0.08≤2.0018.0–20.08.0–10.5≥515 MPa
304L / 1.4307≤0.030≤2.0018.0–20.08.0–12.0≥485 MPa
309 / 309S≤0.08≤2.0022.0–24.012.0–15.0≥515 MPa
310 / 310S≤0.08≤2.0024.0–26.019.0–22.0≥515 MPa
316 / 1.4401≤0.08≤2.0016.0–18.010.0–14.0≥515 MPa
316L≤0.030≤2.0016.0–18.010.0–14.0≥485 MPa

Composition from the US standard where one exists, otherwise the first standard listed on each grade's page. Strength conditions differ between grades; open a grade for its full table.

Perguntas respondidas

Common questions

What is the equivalent of 321 stainless steel?

1.4541 (X6CrNiTi18-10) in Europe, SUS321 in Japan, 321S31 in old British standards and X04Cr18Ni10Ti in India. They differ slightly in titanium limits and in sulphur or nickel ranges.

What is the difference between 321 and 304 stainless steel?

321 is 304 with titanium added. Titanium prevents chromium-carbide precipitation, so 321 resists intergranular corrosion after welding or after service between 425 and 850 °C, and holds its strength to about 900 °C. Its general corrosion resistance matches 304.

Why is 347 used to weld 321?

Titanium does not transfer well across a welding arc, so a titanium-stabilised wire would lose the stabiliser. Niobium does the same carbide-tying job and transfers across the arc, so 347 filler is the standard consumable for 321 (Atlas).

Should I use 321 or 304L?

Use 304L if you only need resistance to intergranular corrosion after welding, since it is more widely available. Use 321 where service temperature goes above about 500 °C, because 304L has lower hot strength.

Can 321 stainless steel be polished?

Not well. Atlas notes that 321 does not polish well and does not recommend it for decorative applications.

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Keep reading

304 / 1.4301Type 304 is the standard 18/8 austenitic stainless steel, with about 18% chromium and 8% nickel, and the most widely used stainless grade.304L / 1.4307304L is the low-carbon version of 304 stainless steel, with carbon limited to 0.030 % so welds do not lose corrosion resistance.316L316L is the low-carbon version of 316 stainless steel: the same molybdenum-bearing austenitic analysis with carbon held to 0.03 % or less.310 / 310S310 is an austenitic stainless steel with 24–26 % chromium and 19–22 % nickel, built for furnace and process equipment at temperatures where 304 and 309 scale.309 / 309S309 is a heat-resisting austenitic stainless steel with about 23 % chromium and 13 % nickel, used for furnace parts and hot equipment up to roughly 1000 °C in air.316 / 1.4401Type 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel, with about 2% molybdenum for better resistance to chlorides than 304.EN 10027 names and numbersEuropean steels carry two identifiers under EN 10027: a steel name (Part 1) such as S235JR, C45 or 42CrMo4 that describes the steel's use or chemistry, and a material number (Part 2) such as 1.0503 or 1.7225.BS 970 and the EN seriesBS 970 names steels with a six-character code such as 080M40, in which the first three digits give the steel type, the letter says how the steel is specified and the last two digits give the carbon content.IS 1570 and Indian designationsIndian steel names follow the letter-symbol code in IS 1762 (Part 1), which the IS 1570 schedules use: 45C8 means about 0.45% carbon, C for carbon steel and about 0.8% manganese, while alloy names such as 40Cr4Mo3 list each element with a multiplied content figure.JIS steel designationsJapanese JIS steel symbols start with S for steel and add letters for the steel family or its use, but the number means different things in different standards.

References

Sources

  1. Atlas Steels: Stainless Steel 321, 321H Grade Data Sheet (revised 27/04/2021) — ASTM A240 composition and properties, stabilisation, heat resistance, heat treatment, welding with 347 filler, grade comparison.
  2. Atlas Steels, Product Reference Manual Section 9: stainless steel properties and equivalent grades — UNS, old British BS, Euronorm and JIS cross-reference with ASTM A240 composition and specified mechanical properties. States that cross-references are approximate.
  3. thyssenkrupp Materials (UK): Stainless Steel 1.4541 Material Data Sheet (06/2017) — EN composition, mechanical properties by product form, solution annealing, hot forming.
  4. ICAST: ASTM A240 UNS S32100 — Second source for the ASTM A240 composition and minimum mechanical properties.
  5. Nose Stainless: steel types, composition and mechanical properties (JIS reference sheet) — JIS composition, solution-treatment temperature, proof stress, tensile strength, elongation and hardness for SUS309S, SUS310S, SUS316L and SUS321.
  6. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1570 (Part 5):1985 Schedules for wrought steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels (Public.Resource.Org copy) — Table 1 composition and Table 3 bar mechanical requirements. The scanned text is poor quality, so figures were read against neighbouring rows.
  7. Aperam: 310S datasheet (FT 310S) — Typical composition and properties, maximum in-service temperatures, oxidation comparison with 309 and 309N; cites 1.4845 to EN 10095 and S31008 to ASTM A240.
  8. ATI 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel — ASTM A240 / SA-240 composition (Ti 5×(C+N) to 0.70 %) and minimum properties for 321 (515 MPa, 205 MPa, 40 %, 95 HRB max).
  9. Outokumpu: Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards — EN 10088-2 plate minimums for 1.4541 and the old British name 321S31.

Values summarize published limits and typical data. The governing standard and the current edition control; check them before specifying.